【正文】 70年代以來一直在持續(xù)不斷發(fā)展的農(nóng)民不滿，由于國內(nèi)邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)（internal frontier）的封閉而更趨加劇——亦即是說，美國農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展所必需的可資利用的新土地幾近耗竭。32. In the periods　of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late spring and in the summer，　　Haney recorded maximum daily munity grazing rates，for nutrientpoor　lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production. （3+）在浮游動(dòng)物數(shù)量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼記錄了最大程度上的每日群落食草比率，對(duì)于營養(yǎng)物不充足的湖和沼澤湖而言，%和114%. 33. The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the plete cycle of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water vapor，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and into the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. （4）水文循環(huán)（hydrologic cycle），作為該學(xué)科中的一個(gè)主要課題，指的是水所經(jīng)過的諸現(xiàn)象的整個(gè)循環(huán)過程，開始時(shí)是作為大氣中的水蒸氣，轉(zhuǎn)而作為雨、雪、露、雹一類的降水量經(jīng)過液體和固體形態(tài)，由此而沿著地層表面分布或進(jìn)入地層表面，最終通過蒸發(fā)和散發(fā)作用再度回復(fù)到大氣水蒸氣的形態(tài)。 30. Perhaps the fact many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on , led to a deemphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research. （5）可能這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，那就是很多這樣的最初的研究只是考慮了那些能夠用網(wǎng)撈起來的大小的水藻，這樣一個(gè)忽視了更小的浮游生物（而這些浮游生物我們現(xiàn)在知道是捕食者主要的食物）的做法，導(dǎo)致了在接下來的研究中對(duì)于捕食者的作用的貶低。 27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating　the details of human behavior but one　of imposing constraints—ways of　feeling，thinking，and acting that　　e naturally in archetypal situations in any culture. （4）這些人類學(xué)家所歸諸于生物進(jìn)化的作用，不是規(guī)定人類行為的種種細(xì)節(jié)，而是將各種限制強(qiáng)加于人類——即在任何文化的典型情景中都會(huì)“自然表露”的情感、思維、以及行動(dòng)方式。約翰遜（James Weldon Johnson）的《一個(gè)曾經(jīng)是有色人的自傳》（Autobiography of an ExColored Man）。25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the　process some fascinating and littleknown works like James Weldon　Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex　　Colored Man. （4）注意：bring A to B ——〉bring to B A《黑人小說》考察了極為廣泛的一系列小說，在此過程中讓我們注意到了某些引人入勝但卻鮮為人知的作品，如詹姆斯。 23. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic？ （3）這究竟是一種缺陷呢，還是這些作者想要按照一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作，抑或是在試圖創(chuàng)立一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系？24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism 。21. As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional　　similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. （5）隨著我的研究不斷深入，我對(duì)昆蟲和脊椎動(dòng)物群落之間的功能類似性印象愈來愈深刻，而對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異印象愈發(fā)淡漠，雖然這些結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異初看上去似乎構(gòu)成了二者間一條無法愈越的鴻溝。 20. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. （4）起初，藍(lán)襪女們確實(shí)模仿了法國沙龍女主人，將男性襄括到其小圈子中來。18. Thus，for instance，it may e as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects；and that this corrected　equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of　quantum fieldtheoretical equations. （5）因此，舉例來說，對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)家而言，了解到下述情形可能會(huì)令其驚愕不已，即薛定諤（Schrodinger）的氫原子方程式并非是對(duì)該原子作出的一種絕然正確的描述，而僅僅是個(gè)近似值，趨近于一個(gè)在某種程度上更為正確的將自旋、磁性偶極子、以及相對(duì)論效應(yīng)考慮在內(nèi)的方程式；而這個(gè)得以糾正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一個(gè)不完美的近似值，趨近于無窮無盡的一整套量子場論方程式。 Focus A on B。15. Although some experiments show that，as an object bees familiar，its internal　representation bees more holistic and　the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence　seems to support the serial hypothesis，　　at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. （4+）雖然某些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，隨著一個(gè)物體變得熟悉起來，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認(rèn)過程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)（serial hypothesis），至少是對(duì)于那些不甚簡單、不甚熟悉的物體來說。13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as mon currency throughout the nervous system. （4） 盡管在神經(jīng)能量上存在著質(zhì)的不同，這一點(diǎn)從來都沒有在嚴(yán)格的意義上被反對(duì)過，但是以上教條通常被拋棄掉，而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點(diǎn)，即：神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)從根本上本質(zhì)相同，而且被當(dāng)作“一種普通流”在整個(gè)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳播。12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types 。 10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic petition， can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews　in medieval Europe. （4+）該社會(huì)學(xué)家的命題當(dāng)被應(yīng)用于針對(duì)美國黑人的歧視時(shí)，相對(duì)而言尚能適用，但他對(duì)種族偏見所下的定義——即“以種族為基礎(chǔ)的、針對(duì)某個(gè)群體的消級(jí)的先入之見，而該群體在任何特定的種族競爭地區(qū)則被普遍認(rèn)作一種族”——可被理解成同樣也襄括了針對(duì)加利福尼亞州的中國人以及中世紀(jì)的猶太人這樣一些種族群體的敵視態(tài)度。 8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged　the transmission ofand so was crucial in sustainingthe Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences. （4）古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說、音樂、及宗教表達(dá)在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著至關(guān)重要的作用，而對(duì)于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。 and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”（5）就像她在《致普通讀者》一書中所表達(dá)的那樣，“盡管可以毫無疑問的說，沒有任何法律被指定出來，也沒有任何高樓大廈被建立起來是因?yàn)閱疼耪f了什么或者寫了什么；然而，當(dāng)我們讀它的書的時(shí)候，我們身上每一個(gè)毛孔都充滿了道德”6. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part