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考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解基本素材經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人科技類(lèi)-文庫(kù)吧資料

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【正文】 when ESA39。s instruments detected both methane and ethane. But the pebbles in the picture probably are made of water—in the form of ice.Because all of the raw images from Huygens were immediately made available to the public via the internet, amateurs have been racing ESA and its American cousin NASA to create processed, posite images. Some scientists say that a glitch led ESA to publish more data than it had originally intended, something that ESA denies. Nevertheless, a few minutes after the Huygens data were published on one website, they were mysteriously yanked off the web again.The availability of the data, though, has led to the publication on the internet of a short movie piled from a series of 80 still images taken of the landing site. This fivesecond film appears to show movement, with small white objects crossing the camera39。s atmosphere was confirmed on the probe39。C, Titan is too cold for water to be liquid. It is, however, not too cold for various hydrocarbons to be so (indeed, the most likely candidates, methane and ethane, are gases at terrestrial temperatures). Many people have suggested that Titan39。s approaches to cooperation with their fellows are, indeed, evolutionarily stable. Of course, it is a long stretch from showing equal success in a laboratory game to showing it in the mating game that determines evolutionary outes. But it is good to know that in this context at least, nice guys do not e last. They do just as well as the nasty guys and, indeed, as the wary majority.Passage 4Moon river?The latest news from TitanA PICTURE may be worth a thousand words. But when the picture in question is of an alien world, it is difficult to be sure what those thousand words should be. And in the case of the images that have arrived from Titan, Saturn39。s descendants in their factories. In the meantime, live paintdrying action could soon be ing to a television near you.Passage 3Games people playThe cooperative and the selfish are equally successful at getting what they wantMANY people, it is said, regard life as a game. Increasingly, both biologists and economists are tending to agree with them. Game theory, a branch of mathematics developed in the 1940s and 1950s by John von Neumann and John Nash, has proved a useful theoretical tool in the study of the behaviour of animals, both human and nonhuman.An important part of game theory is to look for petitive strategies that are unbeatable in the context of the fact that everyone else is also looking for them. Sometimes these strategies involve cooperation, sometimes not. Sometimes the “game” will result in everybody playing the same way. Sometimes they will need to behave differently from one another. But there has been a crucial difference in the approach taken by the two schools of researchers. When discussing the outes of these games, animal behaviourists speak of “evolutionarily stable strategies”, with the implication that the way they are played has been hardwired into the participants by the processes of natural selection. Economists prefer to talk of Nash equilibria and, since economics is founded on the idea of rational human choice, the implication is that people will adjust their behaviour (whether consciously or unconsciously is slightly ambiguous) in order to maximise their gains. But a study just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, by Robert Kurzban of the University of Pennsylvania and Daniel Houser of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, calls the economists39。英語(yǔ)閱讀理解基本素材 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人 科技類(lèi)Passage 1Wireless broadbandComputer chips for “openspectrum” devices are a closed bookTELECOMMUNICATIONS used to be a closed game, from the copper and fibre that carried the messages, to the phones themselves. Now, openness reigns in the world of wires. Networks must interconnect with those of petitors, and users can plug in their own devices as they will. One result of this openness has been a lot of innovation.Openness is ing to the wireless world, too. Cheap and powerful devices that use unlicensed and lightly regulated parts of the radio spectrum are proliferating. But there is a problem. Though the spectrum is open, the microprocessor chips that drive the devices which use it are not. The interface information—the technical data needed to write software that would allow those chips to be used in novel ways—is normally kept secret by manufacturers. The result could be a lot less innovation in the open wireless world than in the open wired one.Take, for example, the ChampaignUrbana Community Wireless Network (CUWiN), in Illinois. This group is trying to create a socalled meshed WiFi network. WiFi is a wireless technology that allows broadband internet munic
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