【正文】 five 3．一般用and連接的兩個(gè)單詞或短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)時(shí)候，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，但是下面用and連接的主語(yǔ)表示一個(gè)概念，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)： law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉 the needle and thread 針線(xiàn) trial and error 反復(fù)嘗試，不斷摸索 horse and carriage 馬車(chē) time and tide 歲月 bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮落 如： If law and order not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe. A. is B. are C. was d. were 答案：A。總結(jié)如下： 一．謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)的情況 1．動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)、名詞性從句做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。把握主謂一致問(wèn)題，考生主要解決的是對(duì)不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語(yǔ)。如： Everybody talked at the top of his voice. None of the boys can do it , can he? Everything is ready, isn’t it? 3．當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)形式，后跟each作同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果each位于動(dòng)詞之前，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果 each位于動(dòng)詞之后，其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。 代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個(gè)原則和規(guī)律： 1．鄰近和靠近原則 由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but (also)連接先行詞時(shí)候，如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致，就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱(chēng)代詞；如果兩個(gè)先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致，人稱(chēng)代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。 It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point. 這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。如： For him to be reelected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does. 二．代詞指代一致問(wèn)題 代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致，或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。如： A good writer is who can express the monplace in an unmon way. [A] that [B]he [C]one [D]this 答案為[C] 3．do的替代作用。 No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor. 2．one的指代作用 one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。如： At times, more care goes into the position of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials. （三）代詞及其指代一致 一．代詞的指代 1．that的指代作用 that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞（如是復(fù)數(shù)，用those），后面通常跟有修飾語(yǔ)，如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of。 1）rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個(gè)語(yǔ)法形式相同的成分。 neither…nor….. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)測(cè)試時(shí)候注意以下幾點(diǎn)： 1．注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語(yǔ)法形式上是否相同。rather than有的是同類(lèi)對(duì)比：and 。如： The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the poser at the moment he poses. 大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比較含義的，有的是遞進(jìn)對(duì)比not only…but (also) 。如不能說(shuō)：John runs faster than 。 in, (all) over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：in China, all over the world. of, among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類(lèi)事物的比較，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses. 注意：among…相當(dāng)于one of …,不說(shuō)among all…。答案為B B) no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不…… The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. [A] not so [B]not much [C]much more [D] no more （心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力，他們都受大腦控制。前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中，： Things are getting worse and worse. As I spoke to him he became less and less angry. Her health was being daily worse The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse. 6)比較級(jí)前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the (more)等修飾語(yǔ)用以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，表示“更加”的意思。如： The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half . [A] of last year’s [B]those of last year’s [C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’s （前后相比的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊(cè)參加的人數(shù)“the number of”故代替它的應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞“that”，而不能選擇B，those是指代participants，不是同類(lèi)對(duì)比，答案為D。如： Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance. [A]as good as [B]as good [C]good [D]good as 在這里as good as 比較連詞與better than比較連詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)候，不能省略任何一個(gè)介詞。 Your hair wants cutting The book is worth reading The floor requires washing. 2．need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing ，兩種形式都表達(dá)被動(dòng)的意義 The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted. The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.（二） 形容詞、副詞及比較級(jí)最高級(jí) 一．形容詞的修飾與位置 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，從構(gòu)詞法角度來(lái)看，后綴”ly”往往是副詞，但有的以“l(fā)y’結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞，這點(diǎn)要注意；形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)等成份，但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語(yǔ)和只能做前置定語(yǔ)；這些形容詞在修飾時(shí)候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意，下面做了一下歸納： 1 以ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞： costly 昂貴的 lonely 孤獨(dú)的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活潑的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻氣的 kindly 熱心腸的 likely 可能的 leisurely 悠閑的 ugly 長(zhǎng)得丑的 brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 塵世的 2 只作以“a”開(kāi)頭的很多形容詞只能做表語(yǔ)： afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒著的 alone 單獨(dú)的，惟一的 alive 活著的 ashamed 羞愧的 asleep 睡著的 aware 意識(shí)到的、察覺(jué)到的 well 健康的 content 滿(mǎn)意的 unable 無(wú)能的 3 只作前置定語(yǔ)的形容詞 earthen 泥土做的，大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的 golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的 silken 絲一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的 wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年長(zhǎng)的 woolen 毛織的 former 前任的 mere 僅，只不過(guò) only 惟一的 sheer 純粹的 very 恰好的 little 小的 live 活的 4．下列動(dòng)詞既是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又是系動(dòng)詞，注意用做系動(dòng)詞時(shí)，要求形容詞做表語(yǔ)： remain keep bee, get, grow, go, e, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。如：I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that. 我無(wú)法想象他竟然這樣做。 The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be over emphasized . 3) ．usedn’t 或did’t use to 為used to (do) 的否定式。 2) ．cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好，怎么也不過(guò)分”。如： It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of