【正文】 involved in international merce? ○A steadily rising national ine ○Greater control over market fluctuations ○High returns when things went well ○A reduced need for imports 6 While some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. █ All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nieenth century. █ However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century, especially in the last two or three decades. █ In view of their later start and their lack of coal—undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrializers—it is important to understand the sources of their success. █ 13. Look at the four squares █ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage During this period, Sweden had the highest rate of growth of output per capita of any country in Europe, and Denmark was second. Where would the sentence best fit? 1 2 3 4 14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. To review passage. Click View Text Although the Netherlands and Scandinavia began to industrialize relatively late, they did so very successfully. ? Although these countries all started with small, uneducated populations, industrialization led to significant population growth and higher literacy rates. ? Because they all started with good harbors for steamships, these countries started with an important advantage in the petition for transit trade ? These countries were successful primarily because their high literacy rates helped them fill specialized market niches ? Thanks to their ready access to the sea. these countries enjoyed advantages in mercantile shipping, fishing, and shipbuilding ? These countries were helped by the fact that their governments were relatively stable and honest and generally supported liberal trade policies ? Because they were never fully dependent on international merce, these countries were able to survive notorious fluctuations in international markets 參考答案： 1. ○2 2. ○4 3. ○4 4. ○4 5. ○1 6. ○1 7. ○2 8. ○3 9. ○2 10. ○2 11. ○1 12. ○3 13. ○3 14. ○3 4 5 7 The mystery of yawning According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that acpanies lack of sleep or boredom. Unfortunately, the few scientific investigations of yawning have failed to find any connection between how often someone yawns and how much sleep they have had or how tired they are. About the closest any research has e to supporting the tiredness theory is to confirm that adults yawn more often on weekdays than at weekends, and that school children yawn more frequently in their first year at primary school than they do in kindergarten. Another flaw of the tiredness theory is that yawning does not raise alertness or physiological activity, as the theory would predict. When researchers measured the heart rate, muscle tension and skin conductance of people before, during and after yawning, they did detect some changes in skin conductance following yawning, indicating a slight increase in physiological activity. However, similar changes occurred when the subjects were asked simply to open their mouths or to breathe deeply. Yawning did nothing special to their state of physiological activity. Experiments have also cast serious doubt on the belief that yawning is triggered by a drop in blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide. Volunteers were told to think about yawning while they breathed either normal air, pure oxygen, or an air mixture with an abovenormal level of carbon dioxide. If the theory was correct, breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered yawning, while breathing pure oxygen should have suppressed yawning. In fact, neither condition made any difference to the frequency of yawning, which remained constant at about 24 yawns per hour Another experiment demonstrated that physical exercise, which was sufficiently vigorous to double the rate of breathing, had no effect on the frequency of yawning Again the implication is that yawning has little or nothing to do with oxygen. A pletely different theory holds that yawning assists in the physical development of the lungs early in life, but has no remaining biological function in adults. It has been suggested that yawning and hiccupping might serve to clear out the fetus s airways. The lungs of a fetus secrete a liquid that mixes with its mother39。 1 Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia While some European countries, such as England and Germany, began to industrialize in the eighteenth century, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden developed later. All four of these countries lagged considerably behind in the early nieenth century. However, they industrialized rapidly in the second half of the century, especially in the last two or three decades. In view of their later start and their lack of coal—undoubtedly the main reason they were not among the early industrializers—it is important to understand the sources of their success. All had small populations. At the beginning of the nieenth century， Denmark and Norway had fewer than 1