【正文】 their niches in the evolving currents of the international economy. 2. Paragraph 2 suggests which of the following about the importance of population density in the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia? ○It was a more important factor than population size. ○It was more influential than the rate of population growth. ○It was more important in the early stages than it was later. ○It was not a significant factor. 3 3. According to paragraphs 2 and 3, which of the following contributed significantly to the successful economic development of the Netherlands and of Scandinavia? ○The relatively small size of their populations ○The rapid rate at which their populations were growing ○The large amount of capital they had available for investment ○The high proportion of their citizens who were educated Paragraph 4 Location was an important factor for all four countries. All had immediate access to the sea, and this had important implications for a significant international resource, fish, as well as for cheap transport, merchant marines, and the shipbuilding industry. Each took advantage of these opportunities in its own way. The people of the Netherlands, with a long tradition of fisheries and mercantile shipping, had difficulty in developing good harbors suitable for steamships: eventually they did so at Rotterdam and Amsterdam, with exceptional results for transit trade with Germany and central Europe and for the processing of overseas foodstuffs and raw materials (sugar, tobacco, chocolate, grain, and eventually oil). Denmark also had an admirable mercial history, particularly with respect to traffic through the Sound (the strait separating Denmark and Sweden). In 1857, in return for a payment of 63 million kronor from other mercial nations, Denmark abolished the Sound toll dues the fees it had collected since 1497 for the use of the Sound. This, along with other policy shifts toward free trade, resulted in a significant increase in traffic through the Sound and in the port of Copenhagen. The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nieenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruption or grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nieenth, resulting in a new class of peasant landowners with a definite market orientation. 4. According to paragraph 4, because of their location the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries had all of the following advantages when they began to industrialize EXCEPT ○lowcost transportation of goods ○access to fish ○shipbuilding industrial ○military control of the sea 5. The word “exceptional” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○extraordinary ○surprising ○immediate ○predictable 4 6. The word “abolished” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○ended ○raised ○returned ○lowered Paragraph 5 The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth. The nieenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries, with progressive democratization taking place in all of them. They were reasonably well governed, without notable corruption or grandiose state projects, although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways, and in Sweden the state built the main lines. As small countries dependent on foreign markets, they followed a liberal trade policy in the main, though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden. In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nieenth, resulting in a new class of peasant landowners with a definite market orientation. 7. According to paragraph 5, each of the following contributed positively to the industrialization of the Netherlands and Scandinavia EXCEPT ○generally liberal trade policies ○huge projects undertaken by the state ○relatively uncorrupt governments ○relatively little social or political disruption 8. The word “progressive” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○rapid ○partial ○increasing ○individual 9. The author includes the information that a protectionist movement developed in Sweden in order to ○support the claim that the political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth ○identify an exception to the general trend favoring liberal trade policy ○explain why Sweden industrialized less quickly than the other Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands ○provide evidence that agricultural reforms take place more quickly in countries that have a liberal trade policy than in those that do not 5 Paragraph 6 The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited. This meant a great dependence on international merce, which had notorious fluctuations。s amniotic fluid Babies with congenital blockages that prevent this fluid from escaping from their lungs are sometimes born with deformed lungs. It might be that yawning helps