經(jīng)濟學的十個原理ppt課件-文庫吧資料
2025-05-09 04:03本頁面
【正文】 ppen in wellanized ? efforts without direction, controls, plans. That39。 ? As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach ? outes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole. ? 當政府阻止價格根據(jù)供求自發(fā)地調(diào)整時，它就限 ? 制了看不見的手對組成經(jīng)濟的千百萬家庭和企 ? 業(yè)進行協(xié)調(diào)的能力。 ? Adam Smith made the observation ? that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.” ? 因為家庭和企業(yè)在決定買什么和賣什么時眼睛都盯著價 ? 格，他們就不自覺地將他們這些行為的社會收益與成本 ? 考慮在內(nèi)了。 ? Firms decide who to hire and what to produce. ? 亞當 ? People make optimal decisions by paring costs and benefits at the margin. ? 邊際變化是對已有行動計劃的小的、增量調(diào)整 ? Marginal changes are small, incremental ? adjustments to an existing plan of action. ? 為什么航空公司讓雇員和他們的親屬在 ? 乘客上完后可以免費搭乘飛機？ ? ?? 邊際成本與平均成本 marginal cost v. ? average cost ? ?? 為什么在通常情況下水比鉆石便宜 ? ?? 邊際收益 marginal benefit vs. total benefit ? 4. 人們會對激勵作出反應 ? People respond to incentives ? ?? 成本和收益的邊際量變化促使人們作出反應 ? Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond. ? ?? 當某種可能的邊際收益超過邊際成本時，人們 ? 就會選擇它 The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that ? alternative’s marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs. ? 4. 人們會對激勵作出反應：例子 ? People respond to incentives: ? Examples ? ?? 使用汽車安全帶的法律會減少事故嗎？ ? 會減少傷亡嗎？
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