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1 2 3 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Quantity of Output Costs ATC Average Total Cost in the Short and Long Runs... Quantity of Cars per Day 0 Average Total Cost ATC in short run with small factory ATC in short run with medium factory ATC in short run with large factory ATC in long run Economies and Diseconomies of Scale Diseconomies of scale Quantity of Cars per Day 0 Average Total Cost ATC in long run Economies of scale Constant Returns to scale 。 ?規(guī)模收益不變( Constant returns to scale)指長期平均總成本不隨產(chǎn)量變動而變動的特性。 Average Total Cost in the Short and Long Runs... Quantity of Cars per Day 0 Average Total Cost 小型工廠 短期 ATC 中型工廠 短期 ATC 大型工廠 短期 ATC 長期 ATC 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì) ?規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)( Economies of scale)指當(dāng)長期平均總成本隨著產(chǎn)量增加而減少的特性。 ?在長期,固定成本將變?yōu)榭勺兊摹? 長期成本 ?對許多企業(yè)而言,總成本分為固定成本與可變成本取決于所考察的時(shí)間長短。 The Various Measures of Cost Big Bob’s Bagel Bin Q u a n t i t yo f B a g e l sT o t a l C o s tF i x e dC o s tV a r i a b l eC o s tA v e r a g eF i x e dC o s tA v e r a g eV a r i a b l eC o s tA v e r a g eT o t a lC o s tM a r g i n a lC o s t0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 0 . 0 01 $ 3 . 0 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 1 . 0 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 1 . 0 0 $ 3 . 0 0 $ 1 . 0 02 $ 3 . 8 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 1 . 8 0 $ 1 . 0 0 $ 0 . 9 0 $ 1 . 9 0 $ 0 . 8 03 $ 4 . 4 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 2 . 4 0 $ 0 . 6 7 $ 0 . 8 0 $ 1 . 4 7 $ 0 . 6 04 $ 4 . 8 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 2 . 8 0 $ 0 . 5 0 $ 0 . 7 0 $ 1 . 2 0 $ 0 . 4 05 $ 5 . 2 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 3 . 2 0 $ 0 . 4 0 $ 0 . 6 4 $ 1 . 0 4 $ 0 . 4 06 $ 5 . 8 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 3 . 8 0 $ 0 . 3 3 $ 0 . 6 3 $ 0 . 9 7 $ 0 . 6 07 $ 6 . 6 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 4 . 6 0 $ 0 . 2 9 $ 0 . 6 6 $ 0 . 9 4 $ 0 . 8 08 $ 7 . 6 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 5 . 6 0 $ 0 . 2 5 $ 0 . 7 0 $ 0 . 9 5 $ 1 . 0 09 $ 8 . 8 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 6 . 8 0 $ 0 . 2 2 $ 0 . 7 6 $ 0 . 9 8 $ 1 . 2 010 $ 1 0 . 2 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 8 . 2 0 $ 0 . 2 0 $ 0 . 8 2 $ 1 . 0 2 $ 1 . 4 011 $ 1 1 . 8 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 9 . 8 0 $ 0 . 1 8 $ 0 . 8 9 $ 1 . 0 7 $ 1 . 6 012 $ 1 3 . 6 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 1 1 . 6 0 $ 0 . 1 7 $ 0 . 9 7 $ 1 . 1 3 $ 1 . 8 013 $ 1 5 . 6 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 1 3 . 6 0 $ 0 . 1 5 $ 1 . 0 5 $ 1 . 2 0 $ 2 . 0 014 $ 1 7 . 8 0 $ 2 . 0 0 $ 1 5 . 8 0