【正文】 e can be calculated from standard equations. （由于這些影響，軸承壽命能通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方程來計(jì)算。）The most mon cause of bearing failure is fatigue, in which the races bee rough, leading to heating, and eventual mechanical failure. （導(dǎo)致軸承失效的最普遍的原因是疲勞，在疲勞狀態(tài)下滾槽變得粗糙導(dǎo)致摩擦熱和最終的機(jī)械故障。）Also, use of the correct type, quantity, and cleanliness of lubricating oil is ，正確的用法，用量和潤滑油清潔度也重要。）Oil is then used as a lubricant, and delivered in a variety of ways.（那么油液就用作為潤滑劑，以多種方式傳遞。）During a bearing replacement, clean grease is carefully injected into the bearing.（在軸承替換中，情節(jié)的油脂是小心地注射到軸承中。）Grease requires minimal maintenance.（潤滑油脂需要最小的維護(hù)。）Grease is the most mon and most easily applied type of lubricant.（潤滑油脂是在潤滑劑中最普遍最簡單的應(yīng)用方式。） The lubricant provides a microscopic film between the rolling elements to prevent abrasion. （潤滑劑在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)零件間提供了一層微觀模來防止磨損。）Tests show that spindles utilizing hybrid ceramic bearings exhibit higher rigidity and have higher natural frequencies, making them less sensitive to vibration.（實(shí)驗(yàn)表明主軸利用混合陶瓷軸承體現(xiàn)出更高的剛度個(gè)更高的固有頻率，使主軸對(duì)振動(dòng)不那么敏感。）In fact, the use of ceramic balls allows up to 30% higher speed for a given ball bearing size, without sacrificing bearing life.（事實(shí)上，利用陶瓷滾珠可以保證給定尺寸的滾珠在超過30%速度上工作而不犧牲軸承壽命。）This deformation leads to rapid wear and bearing deterioration.（ 這種變形會(huì)導(dǎo)致快速的磨損和軸承的破會(huì)。）.Ceramic balls have 60% less mass than steel balls.（陶瓷滾珠質(zhì)量不到鋼珠的60%。）Hybrid ceramic bearings are a recent development in bearing technology that uses ceramic (silicon nitride) material to make precision balls.（混合的陶瓷軸承是在軸承科技中最近發(fā)展起來的，是利用陶瓷（氮化硅）材料制做精確的滾珠。） To provide the required load carrying capacity for a metalcutting machine tool spindle, several angular contact ball bearings are used together. （為了給機(jī)床提供金屬切削所需要的負(fù)載承受能力，一些徑向止推滾珠軸承被結(jié)合使用。這些軸承通常在超高速，切削力小的的情形下應(yīng)用。）Angular contact ball bearings are available with a choice of preloading magnitude, typically designated as light, medium, and heavy.（徑向止推滾珠軸承可以選擇預(yù)裝載大小，典型的有輕載型，種載型和重載型。）In some cases, tapered roller bearings are used because they offer higher load carrying capacity and greater stiffness than ball bearings. （在某些情況下，錐型滾珠軸承被用是因?yàn)樗芴峁┹^滾珠軸承更大的負(fù)載承受能力和更大的剛度。）These bearings provide precision, load carrying capacity, and the speed needed for metalcutting.（這些軸承提供精確度，伏在承受能力和金屬切削所需的速度。） Selection criteria depend on the spindle specifications and the speed needed for metalcutting.（選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)依靠主軸規(guī)格和金屬切削所需的速度。）The bearing system, one of the most critical ponents of any highspeed spindle design, must be able to meet these demands or the spindle won’t perform.（軸承系統(tǒng)，是任何高速主軸設(shè)計(jì)中最需要主要考慮的部件之一，它必須能夠滿足這些需要或者是主軸不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的需要。）When the protective film is scratched and exposes the metal underneath, a new oxide film begins to form.（當(dāng)保護(hù)膜被刮傷那么下面的金屬暴露出來，一個(gè)新的氧化膜開始形成。） Titanium develops a film of titanium oxide (TiO2).（鈦形成了一層TiO2膜。）The usefulness of some level of oxidation is exhibited in the corrosion resistance of aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel.（某種程度的氧化用于鋁，鈦和不銹鋼的耐腐蝕性。）Corrosive media may be chemicals (acid, alkalis, and salts), the environment (oxygen, moisture, pollution, and acid rain), and water (fresh or salt water).（腐蝕介質(zhì)可以是化學(xué)品（酸，堿，鹽），環(huán)境（氧氣，水，污染物和酸雨）和水（淡水和鹽水）。）In addition to various possible chemical reactions from the elements and pounds present, environmental corrosion of ponents and structures is a major concern, particularly at elevated temperatures and other transportation vehicles. （另外，多種可能的由元素，化合物，部件結(jié)構(gòu)環(huán)境腐蝕引起的化學(xué)反應(yīng)是主要考慮的，尤其是在高的溫度和其他運(yùn)輸工具上。）Corrosion leads not only to surface deterioration of ponents and structures but also reduces their strength and structural integrity.（腐蝕不僅導(dǎo)致部件和結(jié)構(gòu)平面的破壞而且減小了結(jié)構(gòu)的強(qiáng)度和完整性。） 6. Corrosion Resistance（耐腐蝕性） Metals, ceramics, and plastics all are subject to forms of corrosion. （金屬，陶瓷和塑料都受到腐蝕。） It first is heated and then slipped over a shaft which is at room temperature.（首先將其加熱，然后裝進(jìn)室溫下的軸。）Shrink fits utilize thermal expansion and contraction. （過盈配合應(yīng)用了熱脹冷縮。）Low thermal conductivity can also result in high thermal gradients and, in this way, cause inhomogeneous deformation of workpieces in metalworking processes.（差的熱傳導(dǎo)也能導(dǎo)致高的熱梯度，通過這種方式，導(dǎo)致在金屬加工過程中產(chǎn)生不均勻的變形。）When heat is generated by plastic deformation or due to friction, the heat should be conducted away at a rate high enough to prevent a severe rise in temperature. （在熱量由塑性變形和摩擦引起的時(shí)，熱量應(yīng)該以足夠高的速度傳遞開以防止溫度過快升高。） 4. Thermal Conductivity（熱傳導(dǎo)） Thermal conductivity indicates the rate at which heat flows within and through a material. （熱傳導(dǎo)表示熱量通流過材料的速率。） The temperature rise in a workpiece resulting from machining operation is a function of the work done and of the specific heat of the workpiece material.（一個(gè)工件溫度的上升來源于機(jī)械加工做功和工件材料的比熱容。） Heat（比熱容） A material’s specific heat is the energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass by one degree. （一種材料的比熱容是單位質(zhì)量材料每升高一度所需要的能量。）The melting point of a metal has a number of indirect effects on manufacturing operations. （金屬的熔點(diǎn)在生產(chǎn)過程中有許多間接地影響。） The melting temperature of a metal alloy can have a wide range (depending on its position) and is unlike that of a pure metal, which has a definite melting point.（金屬合金的熔解溫度有一個(gè)寬的范圍（取決于它的組成物）而且不像純金屬有一個(gè)確定的溶解溫度。）Substitution of materials for the sake of weight saving and economy is a major factor in the design both of advanced equipment and machinery and of consumer products, such as automobiles.（為了減輕重量和經(jīng)濟(jì)成本，在設(shè)計(jì)現(xiàn)先進(jìn)機(jī)械設(shè)備和消費(fèi)品比如汽車中，材料的代替是一個(gè)主要的因素。）Another term is specific gravity, which expresses a material’s density in relation to that of water, and thus, it has no units.（.另外一個(gè)術(shù)語叫做比重，它表示材料相對(duì)于水的密度，由此它沒有單位。）For example, highspeed machine tools require lightweight ponents to reduce inertial forces and, thus, keep machines from excessive vibration.（比如說，高速機(jī)床需要重量輕的部件來減小慣性力由此讓機(jī)床不會(huì)產(chǎn)生過高的振動(dòng)。10 、Physical Properties of Materials（陳鵬文翻譯，有錯(cuò)包含?。㎡ne of the important considerations in material selection is their physical properties (that is, density, melting point, specific heat, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and corrosion resistance).（在材料選擇中重要考慮因素之一是它們的物理性質(zhì)（如：密度，熔點(diǎn)，比熱容，熱傳導(dǎo)性，熱膨脹和耐腐蝕性）。通常一個(gè)鏈條是有淬硬鋼做成的而鏈輪由鑄鐵或鋼制作。最常見的鏈?zhǔn)菨L子鏈,其中每一節(jié)的滾子在鏈條和鏈輪齒中提供較低的摩擦。他