【正文】 器，飛機可以通過遙控著陸，徒步旅行者可以測定自己在林中的方位—其潛在的應(yīng)用范圍是無止境的?！爸圃爝@一商品的工業(yè)定會飛速發(fā)展，”生產(chǎn)導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的麥哲倫航儀公司的蘭迪（有些導(dǎo)航裝置通過將方向盤的轉(zhuǎn)動與汽車在地圖上的位置并置來測定汽車的方位。9 In Japan there are already over a million cars with some type of navigational capability. (Some of them locate a car39。汽車上的計算機就會根據(jù)信號傳來所花的時間計算出衛(wèi)星有多遠。s puter can then calculate how far the satellite is by measuring how long it took for the signal to arrive. Since the speed of light is well known, any delay in receiving the satellite39。8 As a satellite passes overhead, it sends out a radio signal that can be detected by a receiver in a car39。在任何一個特定時間，總有若干顆全球定位系統(tǒng)的衛(wèi)星在11000英里的高空繞地球運行。我們已經(jīng)有24顆環(huán)繞地球運行的導(dǎo)航衛(wèi)星，組成了人們所說的全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)。雖然計算機革命不可能徹底解決這兩個問題，但卻會帶來積極的影響。如果司機的眼簾合上一定時間，行車變得不穩(wěn)，儀表板里的計算機就會向司機發(fā)出警報。一連數(shù)小時注視著中夾分道線這樣一個單調(diào)、幾乎能催眠的過程是被嚴(yán)重低估的威脅生命的重大隱患。s face and eyes. If the driver39。如果你發(fā)生重大行車失誤（如變道時有車輛你“盲點”內(nèi)），計算機立即會發(fā)出警報。s driving and the driving conditions nearby. Small radars hidden in the bumpers can scan for nearby cars. Should you make a serious driving mistake (., change lanes when there is a car in your blind spot) the puter would sound an immediate warning. 能監(jiān)控行車過程以及周圍行車狀況的智能汽車已經(jīng)建造出來。這種車還能在遇竊后通報警方，告知車輛的確切地點。智能汽車能消除絕大多數(shù)這類汽車事故。在汽車事故中死亡或嚴(yán)重受傷的人數(shù)太多，我們已經(jīng)不屑在報紙上提及。4 Approximately 40,000 people are killed each year in the United States in traffic accidents. The number of people that are killed or badly injured in car accidents is so vast that we don39?！拔覀儠姷侥芸础⒛苈?、有知覺、具嗅覺、會說話并能采取行動的車輛與道路，”正在設(shè)計未來智能汽車和智能道路的通用汽車公司ITS項目的技術(shù)主任比爾s ITS program, which is designing the smart car and road of the future.汽車及其行駛的道路，將在21世紀(jì)發(fā)生重大變革。s smart cars will be sensors. We39。汽車工業(yè)的銷售額達一萬億美元左右，從而成為世界上最大的制造業(yè)。s biggest manufacturing industry.汽車工業(yè)是20世紀(jì)最賺錢、最有影響力的產(chǎn)業(yè)之一。卡庫即便是過去70年間基本上沒有多少變化的汽車工業(yè)，也將感受到計算機革命的影響。Smart cars that can see, hear, feel, smell, and talk? And drive on their own? This may sound like a dream, but the puter revolution is set to turn it into a reality.能看、能聽、有知覺、具嗅覺、會說話的智能汽車？還能自動駕駛？這聽起來或許像是在做夢，但計算機革命正致力于把這一切變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。冰雪和極低的氣溫使兩支侵略軍付出慘重的代價。s Icy Defender21 The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. Napoleon and Hitler both underestimated the severity of the Russian winter. Snow, ice, and freezing temperatures took their toll on both invading armies. For the Russian people, the winter was an icy defender.俄羅斯的冰雪衛(wèi)士任何軍事行動都必須考慮到自然的因素。蘇維埃在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中死亡的人數(shù)幾乎達到2300萬。20 For Hitler, the invasion of the Soviet Union had turned into a military disaster. For the Russian people, it brought unspeakable suffering. The total Soviet dead in World War II reached almost 23 million.就希特勒而言，對蘇聯(lián)的入侵成為一場軍事災(zāi)難。1944年5月9日，塞瓦斯托波爾從德國人手中被解放出來。列寧格勒那些英勇無畏的幸存者看著入侵者在兩個星期內(nèi)全部撤離。19 During 1943 and 1944, the Soviet armies pushed the German front back toward the west. In the north, the Red Army broke the threeyear siege of Leningrad with a surprise attack on January 15, 1944. Within two weeks, the heroic survivors of Leningrad saw their invaders depart. By March 1944, the Ukraine farming region was again in Soviet hands. On May 9, 1944, Sevastopol was liberated from the Germans. The Russians were now heading for Berlin.在1943年與1944年期間，蘇聯(lián)軍隊將德軍陣線往西逼退。斯大林格勒一戰(zhàn)的失利最終使希特勒時乖運蹇。直到1943年1月德國人才放棄圍城。18 In November 1942, the Russians launched a counterattack. With little or no shelter from the winter cold in and around Stalingrad, German troops were further weakened by a lack of food and supplies. Not until January 1943 did the Germans give up their siege. Of the three hundred thousand Germans attacking Stalingrad, only ninety thousand starving soldiers were left. The loss of the battle for Stalingrad finally turned the tide against Hitler. The German victories were over, thanks in part to the Russian winter.1942年11月，俄國人發(fā)起了一場反攻。希特勒隨后向東推進到斯大林格勒，那是沿伏爾加河綿延48公里的一座大工業(yè)城市。17 By the summer of 1942, Hitler had launched two new offensives. In the south, the Germans captured Sevastopol. Hitler then pushed east to Stalingrad, a great industrial city that stretched for 48 kilometers along the Volga River. Despite great suffering, Soviet defenders refused to give up Stalingrad.到1942夏天，希特勒又發(fā)起兩場新的攻勢。德國人的坦克掩埋在深深的雪堆中。大雪紛飛。s armies drew closer and closer to Moscow, an early, severe winter settled over the Soviet Union, the harshest in years. Temperatures dropped to minus 48 degrees Celsius. Heavy snows fell. The German soldiers, pletely unprepared for the Russian winter, froze in their light summer uniforms. The German tanks lay buried in the heavy snowbanks. The Russian winter brought the German offensive to a halt.正當(dāng)希特勒的軍隊逼近莫斯科時，寒冷的冬季早早地降臨蘇聯(lián)，那是多年不遇的嚴(yán)寒?！澳酀魧④姟蓖涎恿说聡碎W電式進攻的行動。由于德國人指望速戰(zhàn)速決，他們沒有準(zhǔn)備過冬的補給。s goal was the capture of Moscow. Because the Germans had anticipated a quick victory, they had made no plans for winter supplies. October arrived with heavy rains. General Mud slowed down the movement of the Germans39。列寧格勒之圍造成近百萬人死亡。由于食品匱乏，人們死于饑餓與疾病。盡管忍受著極大困苦，列寧格勒的人民絕不投降。14 In the north, the Germans closed in on Leningrad. Despite great suffering, however, the people of Leningrad refused to surrender. As the battle of Leningrad dragged on into winter, the city39。農(nóng)場和工廠被焚燒毀壞，或被弄得無法運轉(zhuǎn)。13 Caught off guard by the invasion, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin instructed the Russian people to scorch the earth in front of the German invaders. Farms and factories were burned, destroyed, or rendered useless. During the first ten weeks of the invasion, the Germans pushed the front eastward, and the Russians suffered more than a million casualties.蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人約瑟夫他計劃采用征服了歐洲其余地區(qū)的閃電式戰(zhàn)略。1941年6月22日，希特勒不宣而戰(zhàn)，入侵蘇聯(lián)，發(fā)動了歷史上規(guī)模最大的一場陸地戰(zhàn)役。希特勒已經(jīng)控制了歐洲大部分地區(qū)。s Invasion12 By early 1941, Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany, had seized control of most of Europe. To the east of Hitler39。拿破侖退位去過流放生活，他締造的帝國隨之滅亡。不久，英國、奧地利、俄國以及普魯士組成強大的聯(lián)盟，攻擊這些散兵游勇。11 Of the six hundred thousand soldiers Napoleon had led into Russia, less than one hundred thousand came back. The weakened French army continued its retreat westward across Europe. Soon, Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia formed a powerful alliance and attacked these