【正文】 )2/ Fi hypothesis is rejected 20 . 05 ( 10 ) 18 .3 07 91 .7 48 4DF? ? ? ?Summary of Chisquare test ? It belongs to nonparameter test ? Increasing confidence level (reducing value of ) will enhance the probability of hypothesis to be accepted ? There is tradeoff in the selection of confidence level ? is or in traffic engineering ? It is always true that enlarging sample size will enhance the probability of hypothesis to be accepted ??Chapter 6. Highway Capacity (通行能力） Analysis ? Background ? Objective ? Definition based on HCM2022 maximum hourly rate (15 minutes), reasonably, prevailing (最普遍） Capacity of freeway amp。 (2) samplecounting （點(diǎn)樣本法） , (3) HCM 2022 cyclebased method （手冊(cè)法） Chapter 5. Statistics and application in traffic engineering ? Population versus sample (全體與樣本） ? Discrete versus continuous （離散與連續(xù)） ? Statistical estimators （統(tǒng)計(jì)估計(jì)量） (a) mean （均值） , median （中位數(shù)） and mode （眾數(shù)）are the measure of central tendency。 analysis of spot speed) ? Pace (步幅） ? Standard deviation （標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差） ? Standard error （離差） of the mean ? Range of true mean （區(qū)間估計(jì)） of spot speed ? Required sample size （樣本量） L ow e rL im it(m i/ h )Upp e rL im it(m i/ h )32 34 33 0 % % 0 034 36 35 5 % % 175 6,12536 38 37 5 % % 185 6,84538 40 39 7 % % 273 10,64740 42 41 13 % % 533 21,85342 44 43 21 % % 903 38,82944 46 45 33 % % 1,485 66,82546 48 47 46 % % 2,162 101,61448 50 49 62 % % 3,038 148,86250 52 51 37 % % 1,887 96,23752 54 53 24 % % 1,272 67,41654 56 55 14 % % 770 42,35056 58 57 9 % % 513 29,24158 60 59 5 % % 295 17,40560 62 61 2 % % 122 7,44262 64 63 0 % % 0 0283 % 13,613 661,691T ab le : F re que nc y Dist ributi on Ta ble f or I ll ustra ti ve S pot S pe e d S tudyCum . %F r e q (% )*n S ** nS2***A l l per ce nt s c om put ed t o t w o dec i m al pl ac es and r ounded t o one。 Speed Studies and Characteristics ? Volume (rate of flow) intensity of traffic flow ? Speed motion condition ? Density distribution of traffic flow over space ? Relationship among three elements models Volume ? AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic 年平均日交通量 ) ? AAWT (Average Annual Weekday Traffic 年平均周日交通量 ) ? ADT (Average Daily Traffic 平均日交通量 ) ? AWT (Average Weekday Traffic 平均周日交通量 ) ? Hourly volumes and peak hour volume （小時(shí)流量，高峰小時(shí)流量） ? Rate of flow (流率） defined as an equivalent hourly volume for a given interval (interval can be 5, 10, 15 minutes) ? Peak hour factor （高峰小時(shí)系數(shù)） ? DDHV (Directional Design Hourly Volume 設(shè)計(jì)小時(shí)流量 ) ? PCE and PCU （小汽車當(dāng)量） Distribution of ADT volume10,00011,00012,00013,00014,00015,00016,00017,00018,00019,00020,0001 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12month of yearvolume (veh/day)交通量時(shí)變曲線圖%%%%%1 3 5 7 911 13 15 17 19 21 23時(shí) 間（h ）日交通量（%）小時(shí)交通量占日交通量比值Speed ? Time mean speed (TMS，時(shí)間平均車速 ) ? Space mean speed (SMS，空間平均車速 ) ? Average travel speed and average running speed （平均行程，行駛速度 ) ? Operating speed （運(yùn)營(yíng)速度） and percentile speeds （百分位速度） ? Spot speed （地點(diǎn)車速） discuss in next chapter Density ? It is defined as the number of vehicles occupying a given length of highway or lane and is generally expressed as vehicles per kilometer per lane. ? Difficult to obtain from the field using occupancy (占用率） which is defined as the proportion of time that a detector is covered by a vehicle in the specified period of time 1000vdODLL???itOT??? Closely related to traffic demand ? It is easy for drivers to perceive ? Spacing (車頭間距） and headway （車頭時(shí)距） spacing is defined as the distance between successive vehicles in a traffic lane。 ? Awareness of variability due to age, sex, personality …… ? Very few studies on bikers ? Walking speed design for pedestrians ? Percentile (百分位） a value in a distribution for which the stated percentage of the population has a characteristics that is less than or equal to the specified value, 15, 50 and 80 percentiles are very mon Logit M odel0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%110%0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13G aps ( s ec)Cumulative Probability5 0 pe r ce n tile8 5 pe r ce n tile1 5 pe r ce n tileVehicle Characteristics ? Design vehicle （標(biāo)準(zhǔn)車） as base for roadway design ? Kiic feature acceleration performance ? Braking performance braking distance ? Stopping sight distance (SSD 停車視距 ) )(25422GFSSd fib ???)(22GFSStSd fii ????? Climbing capability （爬坡能力） big difference between passenger car and truck when upgrade is steep。 used as a verb ? Communication 5Efeatured discipline ? Enforcement （執(zhí)法） ? Education ? Engineering ? Environment ? Ecology (生態(tài)） Chapter 2. Basic ponents in traffic engineering ? Road User Characteristics ? Vehicle Characteristics ? Geometric Characteristics of Roadways ? Traffic Control Devices Road User Characteristics ? Including drivers, bikers and pedestrians ? Perceptionreaction time （反應(yīng)時(shí)間） from start of perception to the end of reaction ( second is very mon)。 Pedestrians ? Environment Objects in Traffic Engineering Studies Main Elements in Traffic Engineering ? Traffic studies data collection and reduction ? Performance evaluation set of criteria to measure the quality of traffic performance ? Facility design functional and geometric designs ? Traffic control establishment of traffic regulation and their munication to the driver through signs, markings, and signals ? Traffic operations traffic anization, transit operation, ? TSM Transportation Systems Management ?