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ion)的方 法。 三、適當(dāng)?shù)谋O(jiān)測 有人將對創(chuàng)傷病人的監(jiān)測匯總?cè)缦拢? Montoring choices for Trauma Patients Noninvasive Essential ECG for heart rate and rhythm,noninvasive blood pressure, respiratory rate, Temperature, SaO2, ETCO2 with waveform Optional Concentrations of anesthetic and respiratory gases ( . Mass spectrometry, Transcutaneous) Invasive Foley catheter urine output, intraarterial pressure catheter, central venous pressure catheter Transesophageal echocardiography Indications for Massive hemorrhage Pulmonary Pretraumatic heart disease artery Multiple systems injuries/Mechanism of injury catheter Monitoring of cardiac output and oxygen consumption Optimization of fluid therapy in headinjured patient 四、麻醉注意事項(xiàng) 1.檢查在麻醉前復(fù)蘇中所置氣管內(nèi)導(dǎo)管,如 未行氣管內(nèi)插管,應(yīng)注意在麻醉誘導(dǎo)及蘇 過程中避免出現(xiàn)誤吸。 ( 3)部位麻醉:較適用于肢體創(chuàng)傷手術(shù)的麻醉。 二、麻醉前用藥與麻醉選擇 1. 麻醉用藥 ● 鎮(zhèn)痛、鎮(zhèn)靜藥物 ● 抗膽堿藥物 ● 昏迷或危重病人免用或麻醉過程中酌用 ● 小量,經(jīng)靜脈 2.麻醉選擇 ( 1)全身麻醉:多處傷或其他嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷、氣管內(nèi)插 管應(yīng)避免采用在某些情況下不宜采 用的藥物: ● 氯胺酮 ● 琥珀膽堿 ● 氧化亞氮 ● 安氟醚、異氟醚等如用于腦外傷病人應(yīng)用時(shí)采 用輕度過度通氣,臨床上多用異氟醚。 4.了解其麻醉前復(fù)蘇情況,以便進(jìn)一步處理。 2.凡經(jīng)肝代謝、經(jīng)腎排泄的麻醉用藥其作用 時(shí)間明顯延長。 5.其他 如適當(dāng)止痛,進(jìn)行必要的監(jiān)測等。 ● 75%氯化鈉與膠體液的混合液的應(yīng)用。 ● 對輸入液體的選擇:首先是恢復(fù)血容量,其次 考慮必需的血紅蛋白濃度,最后是保持凝血機(jī) 制正?;蚧菊!? ( 2)某些情況下行緊急氣管內(nèi)插管 ( 3)喉罩( LMA)可用于快速建立通 氣途徑 ( 4)纖支鏡的應(yīng)用 ( 5)氣管造口術(shù) 3.休克的復(fù)蘇 ●建立能快速輸液、輸血的靜脈通路。 ●正確進(jìn)行環(huán)狀軟骨加壓。在作氣管內(nèi)插管時(shí)應(yīng)注意 保持頸椎的穩(wěn)定。 主要包括: 1.保存中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能。 Parr和 Grande建議了一個(gè)對創(chuàng)傷病人的處理程序。嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷病人的麻醉 Anesthesia for Trauma ? In advanced countries, injury ranks as the fourth leading cause of death following heart disease, cancer, and cerebrovascular disease. Preoperative Assessment For trauma patients, in addition to the ordinary preanesthetic evaluation, the severity of the trauma should be evaluated. The monly used scoring system including: 1. ASA physical status score It is not very useful for discriminating small difference in severely injured patients. 2. Glasgow a score scale( GCS) Indicators: Eye opening Spontaneous 4 To voice 3 To pain 2 None 1 Verbal response Oriented 5 Confused 4 Inappropriate words 4 Inprehensible words 2 None 1 Motor responses Obeys Command 6