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【正文】 hormone(TH) ? Small neuropeptides: gonadotropinreleasing hormone(GnRH), thyrotropinreleasing hormone(TRH), somatostatin, vasoprssin ? Large proteins: insulin, luteinizing hormone(LH), parathyroid hormone(PTH) ? Steroid hormones: cortisol, estrogen ? Vitamin derivatives: retinoid(VitA), vitamin D, a variety of peptide growth factors Synthesis, Storage and Release of Hormones Peptide hormones: Neural or endocrine stimulation → transcription from DNA → mRNA → peptide product → posttranslational protein processing → intracellular sorting,membrane integration → storage or secretion. Synthesis and Processing of Insulin Synthesis, Storage and Release of Hormones Steroid hormone: Synthesis of most steroid hormones is based on modifications of the precursor and cholesterol. Multiple regulated enzymatic steps are required for the synthesis of testosterone, estradiol, cortisol and vitamin D . Modes of hormone action ? Endocrine ? Paracrine ? Autocrine ? Intracrine ? neurocrine Plasma Transport of Hormones Hormone Binding protein(s) Thyroxine (T4) Thyroxinebinding globulin (TBG) Thyroxinebinding prealbumin (TBPA) Albumin Triiodothyronine (T3) (less bound than T4) Thyroxine
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