【正文】 bably wasn’t…You’re just, well, overstating. But he’ll appreciate the pliment. ? Now for understatement. What’s that? Well, it’s merely saying that something is less than what it is in reality. Often, in fact, your understatement may appear to be negative when you’re actually praising or plimenting someone. Here’s an example. Have you ever tasted something that was quite delicious, but, when the person asked how it was, you said, ―Not bad?‖ This would typically indicate that the quality is low, but, in this case, you’re using understatement, so you really mean, ―It’s delicious.‖ Also, after getting an A on a test, you might understate your performance and merely say, ―Okay,‖ when someone asks how you did. All right, now let’s see if we can use them in our writing. ? Sample Answer: (242) ? Listen to a lecture, and take notes. (243) ? Q: Using points and examples from the lecture explain the two ways in which the acacia can harm other trees and plants in forests which it invades. Script ? Let’s move on to something different. As you are no doubt aware, nature always strives to keep everything in balance. This includes both plants and animals. By keeping a perfect balance, on one species can take over and upset the stability of an environment. However, there are some invasive species that do exactly this. The acacia is one such invader. ? Acacias are a family of trees and shrubs, most of which are native to Australia. However, some of them have found their way to other countries, where they often dramatically upset the balance of nature. How? Well, there are, uh, two separate ways. First is the fact that acacias’ roots are not only strong but are also extensive. So they, well, dig deep into the soil and stretch in all directions. Imagine hundreds of hands stretching in every possible direction. Interesting, huh? What this does is it lets the acacia’s roots absorb all of the soil’s nutrients. This, in turn, starves the other trees nearby, causing them to die from a lack of nutrients. ? I can explain the second way acacias harm other species by telling you about the tree called the Australian Blackwood, which is a typical member of the acacia family. It can grow to be almost 150 feet in height. Why, you must ask, is this important? Well, the leaves of the acacia help to prevent sunlight from ever reaching the ground. This, in turn, causes many smaller plants and trees to die because they don’t get exposed to enough sunlight. Unsurprisingly, much effort is currently being put into keeping the acacia out of forests where it is not native. ? Response: Make your response using the anized ideas ? The professor’s lecture mentions that______________ To begin with______________________, In fact, _______________________________Because of this, _________________ ? Listen to a sample response and pare it with yours (244) ? Listen to a lecture, and take notes (245) ? Q: using points and examples from the lecture, explain how giving rewards to children can have either a positive or a negative effect. ? Response: Make your response using the anized ideas ? The professor says that____________________________________In his first example, _____________________ The second example is about____________________ This is an example of __________________________ ? Parents often have to resort to giving reward to their children to entice them to do various actions. We’ve already discussed the psychological reasoning behind this. However, strangely enough, there are actually a couple o different reactions by children when they are rewarded. It basically depends upon the child’s attitude toward the action for which he is being rewarded. The results may actually, huh, surprise you. ? For example, let’s consider a young girl who really hates cleaning her room, Out of all of her chores, that’s the one she dislikes the most and often refuses to do. As a result of this, her parents finally tell her that they’ll give her a reward like, huh, maybe, take her out to her favorite pizza restaurant. The little girl, excited by the prospect of having pizza fro dinner, reacts positively and immediately heads o her room to clean it up. That’s an example of how rewards can work, you know, positively. ? However, let’s imagine another little girl the same age as the first one. She is learning the piano and, in fact, absolutely adores playing it. Her parents are really excited about her positive attitude, so they decide to reward her by taking her out to her favorite restaurant. Unfortunately, since they only go there after piano practice, the little girl begins to feel that playing the piano is an obligation and not something fun to do. Over time, she bees less enamored of playing and eventually quits. In this case, we can clearly see how her being rewarded for something she already enjoyed had a negative effect on her. ? Listen to a sample response, and pare it with yours (246) ? Listen to a lecture, and take notes. (247) ? Q: Using points and examples from the lecture, explain the two different theories on why the dinosaurs became extinct. Script ? Okay, so that concludes my lecture on dinosaurs and their natural habitats. Now, let’s move to one of Earth’s greatest mysteries. It is, of course, what caused the dinosaurs to go extinct? After all, these were enormous creatures, much larger than anything living now. They were so strong and live