【正文】 occer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismith39。s professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Women39。s basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a pergame basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the everchanging players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was anized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was anized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game。s game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably bee the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the women39。s basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem AbdulJabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The women39。 and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948。 England in 1894。 smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 1020 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismith39。s five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players。s bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 4954 in ( m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft ( m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere mands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two halfbushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and outlined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men39。s games measures in (7576 cm) in circumference, and a women39。 Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women39。衰退產業(yè) 中競爭戰(zhàn)略的選擇應注意： (1)客觀分析衰退產業(yè)的形勢； (2)避免打消耗戰(zhàn)； (3)謹慎采用抽資轉向戰(zhàn)略； 全球性產業(yè)意味著競爭者在主要地緣或國家性市場的戰(zhàn)略地位從根本上受到它們全球總 體地位的影響。 衰退產業(yè)是指在相當長的一段時間里，產業(yè)中產品的銷售量持續(xù)下降的產業(yè)。此外，成熟產業(yè)中的企業(yè)還有產品結構調整戰(zhàn)略、研究開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略、市場滲透戰(zhàn) 略、國際市場開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略、退出或多元化戰(zhàn)略、低成本擴張戰(zhàn)略等可依據(jù)具體情況選擇。如果是小批量生產，則采用差異化或集中戰(zhàn)略是有利的；若是大批量生產。最后是策略性行動的選擇問題。第三個問題是進入時機的選擇，在早期就進入新興產業(yè)將會冒較大的風險，但也會得到較大的收益。首先，根據(jù)企業(yè)的內部資源條件及外部環(huán)境初步確定企業(yè)有可能進入的幾個新興產業(yè)；其次，對每一個新興 產業(yè)的技術、產 品、市場及競爭狀態(tài)作出預測分析；再次，根據(jù)企業(yè)自身條件，評價每一個方案的優(yōu)劣；最后，確定本企業(yè)應當進入的新興產業(yè)。 新興產業(yè)是指由于技術創(chuàng)新的結果，或新消費需要的推動，或其他經濟、技術因素的變化使某種新產品或新的服務成為一種現(xiàn)實的發(fā)展機會，從而新形成或重新形成一個產業(yè)。具體來說，集中化戰(zhàn)略可以分為產品線集中化戰(zhàn)略，顧 客集中化戰(zhàn)略，地區(qū)集中化戰(zhàn)略。這種戰(zhàn)略的核心是瞄準某個特定的用 戶群體，某種細分的產品線或某個細分市場。差異化戰(zhàn)略也包含一系列風 險。實行差異化戰(zhàn)略，可以培養(yǎng)顧客對品脾的忠誠，降低其 對價格的敏感性；即使價格高于同類產品。企業(yè)要突出自己產品與 競爭對手之間的差異性，主要有產品、服務、人事與形象四種基本途徑。 差異化戰(zhàn)略是指為使企業(yè)產品與競爭對手產品有明顯的區(qū)別，形成與眾不同的特點而采取的一種戰(zhàn)略。 6 競爭戰(zhàn)略 競爭戰(zhàn)略包括三種基本競爭戰(zhàn)略，即成本領先戰(zhàn)略，差異化戰(zhàn)略，集中化戰(zhàn)略。企業(yè)組建戰(zhàn)略 聯(lián)盟的動因在于：增強自身實力、擴大市場份額、迅速獲取新技術、進入國外市場、降低風險。相對于企業(yè)組織而言。為保證并購的成功，應注意以下 幾個問題： (1)在企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略指導下選擇目標公司； (2)并購前應對目標企業(yè)進行詳細審查； (3)合理估計自身的實力； (4)并購后對目標企業(yè)進行迅速有效地整合。企 業(yè)熱衷并購的動因在于，企業(yè)并購可以推動企業(yè)的快速發(fā)展、實現(xiàn)協(xié)同效應、加強對市場的 控制能力、獲取價值被低估的公司、避稅。 5 企業(yè)并購是指一個企 業(yè)通過購買另一個企業(yè)全部或部分的資產或產權，從而控制、影響 被并購的企業(yè)，以增強企業(yè)競爭優(yōu)勢、實現(xiàn)企業(yè)經營