【正文】 interaction are usually among the earliest symptoms to develop. The most mon social impairment is a kind of indifference to other people, or aloofness, even towards parents and close caregivers. The baby may fail to respond to his or her name being called and may show very little facial expression unless extremely angry, upset, or happy. Babies with autism may resist being touched, and appear to be lost in their own world, far from human interaction. Between seven and 10 months of age, most infants often resist being separated from a parent or wellknown caregiver, but these infants may show no disturbance when picked up by a stranger. Other children with autism may be very passive, although less resistant to efforts by others to interact. However, they do not initiate social interaction themselves. Still others may attempt to engage with adults and peers, but in ways that strike others as inappropriate, or odd. In adolescence and adulthood, some of the higherfunctioning individuals with autistic disorders may appear overly formal and polite. They may react with little spontaneity, as if social interaction doesn39。s condition between rounds and may remend that the contest be stopped. Doctors also examine each boxer at the conclusion of fights and paramedic teams must be on hand at all boxing bills. The medical profession in several countries has increasingly adopted an antiboxing stance, citing irreversible brain damage as its major objection to the sport. This is a key point for, in absolute terms of deaths and serious injuries, other sports such as horseracing, mountaineering, rugby, and even cricket appear more dangerous, but in none of them is deliberate and repeated striking of an opponent part of the rules of the game. In contrast a boxer has a licence for physical assault. The evidence is clear that repeated pummelling to the head can cause cumulative damage to the brain: here time is no great healer. Occasionally, acute brain injury can occur during a fight. The greatest danger es towards the end when a tired man with a loose neck has his head flipped back rapidly by a punch. This can tear a vein outside or inside the brain, which then leaks blood, causing pressure on the brain and eventually leading to a a. Only if the clot is removed rapidly can the fighter survive. Fighters now train harder。s Rules of 1743 eradicated some of the barbarism by outlawing the hitting of a man when he was down, and the seizing of hair or the body below the waist, but they still permitted butting. Yet it was not the brutality of the prizering which brought its demise, but the corruption with which it became associated. The revival of the sport as boxing in late Victorian Britain saw several changes designed to render it more civilized. Although some of the old practices continued for a while — even the famous Queensbury Rules initially allowed endurance contests — by the turn of the century the general picture was one of boxing in gloves, limitedtime rounds, points decisions after a fixed number of rounds had elapsed, and weight divisions, though the latter have accentuated problems of dehydration as fighters struggle to ‘make the weight’. For much of the twentieth century the history of boxing has been one of crumbling resistance to changes intended to protect further the brains and bodies of participants. Between 1984 and 1993 eight boxers had died soon after fights in the UK。s hands, protected only by having been soaked in brine. With their bination of boxing and wrestling moves, early contests were literally ‘no holds barred’。 he then had half a minute39。 boxing is a human bloodsport in which the intention is to hurt one39。 最后，我向 老師致以最誠(chéng)摯的謝意與敬意。 在我撰寫論文的過程中，得到了 指導(dǎo) 老師的親切關(guān)懷和耐心指導(dǎo)，從課題的選擇到論文的最終完成，老師都始給予 了 細(xì)心的指導(dǎo)和不懈的支持。 通過加強(qiáng)企業(yè)存貨管理，達(dá)到降低企業(yè)綜合成本的目標(biāo)，有效地保證企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的連續(xù)正常進(jìn)行，從而提高產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力，確保企業(yè)持續(xù)、穩(wěn)定、健康地發(fā)展。 中小企業(yè)通過加強(qiáng)存貨管理，可以降低企業(yè)綜合成本的目標(biāo)，有效地保證企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的連續(xù)正常進(jìn)行，從而提高產(chǎn)品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力，確保企業(yè)持續(xù)、穩(wěn)定、健康地發(fā)展。以免存貨管理不當(dāng)，使企業(yè)蒙受無謂之損失。 六 、結(jié)語 良好的存貨管理是企業(yè)管理績(jī)效優(yōu)良的特質(zhì)之一。 JIT 的運(yùn)用給 企業(yè) 帶來前所未有的收益，它不僅提高了存貨管理效率 —— 節(jié)省存貨資金的占用和倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)空間的占用，以及與之相關(guān)的保管人員的減少等等，還減少了由于存貨資金的占用而減少的資本成本支出。在準(zhǔn)時(shí)生產(chǎn)制下，產(chǎn)品完工正好是要運(yùn)輸給顧客的時(shí)候，同 樣原材料到達(dá)生產(chǎn)工序時(shí)正好是該工序開始準(zhǔn)備生產(chǎn)之時(shí)。 (二 ) 向 JIT(just in time,準(zhǔn)時(shí)生產(chǎn)方式 )方向發(fā)展 雖然現(xiàn)階段 許多中小企業(yè)的 存貨管理水平不高， 而 現(xiàn)代化物流技術(shù)還未得到廣泛應(yīng)用，但隨著競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境的日益激烈， 企業(yè) 管理水平的不斷提高， 以及 現(xiàn)代物流技術(shù)的逐步發(fā)展與應(yīng)用， 企業(yè)存貨管理系統(tǒng)也會(huì)日益完善，未來企業(yè)存貨管理將向 JIT(just in time,準(zhǔn)時(shí)生產(chǎn)方式 )方向發(fā)展， 為 中小企業(yè) 核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的提高服務(wù)。企業(yè)資源計(jì)劃對(duì)于企業(yè)高度普及計(jì)算機(jī)輔助管理，實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)管理信息化和自動(dòng)化，提高工作效率和增強(qiáng)快速反應(yīng)能力，都具有十分重要的意義。企業(yè)資源計(jì)劃（ Enterprise Resource Planning,簡(jiǎn)稱 ERP）系統(tǒng)是一種主要面向制造行業(yè)進(jìn)行物資 資源、資金資源和信息資源集成一體化管理的企業(yè)信息管理系統(tǒng)。在整合的過程中，公司應(yīng)當(dāng)將存貨管理的理念灌輸給每一個(gè)員工，強(qiáng)調(diào)公司全員參與存貨管理，為存貨的管理創(chuàng)造良好的氛圍。 （八 ） 全員參與存貨管理。 企業(yè)內(nèi)部的物流資源是否得到充分利用，直接影響著存貨的經(jīng) 濟(jì)采購(gòu)量、倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)量和存貨的成本。但周期盤點(diǎn)的實(shí)施需要企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)、采購(gòu)、倉(cāng)庫(kù)各個(gè)部門有更強(qiáng)的控制能力和相互間聯(lián)系反應(yīng)的能力。每一次盤點(diǎn)若干個(gè)儲(chǔ)位或料項(xiàng)，根據(jù)盤點(diǎn)的結(jié)果進(jìn)行調(diào)整，并生成周期盤點(diǎn)的相關(guān)報(bào)表。同時(shí)推行周期盤點(diǎn)，代替一年兩次實(shí)地盤點(diǎn)的做法。其中， A 類存貨量占全部存貨的 10%— 15%,金額占存貨總額的 80%左右； B 類存貨數(shù)量占全部存活的 20%— 30%，金額占存貨總額的 15%左右； C 類存貨數(shù)量占全部存貨的 60%— 65%，金額占存貨總額的 5%左右。 公司存貨品總繁多，不可能對(duì)所有存貨不分巨細(xì)地嚴(yán)格管理。利用 ERP 使人、財(cái)、物、產(chǎn)、供、銷全方位科學(xué)高效集中管理，最大限度地堵塞漏洞， 降低庫(kù)存， 提高存貨管理的力度。 公司應(yīng)該結(jié)合自身業(yè)務(wù)流程特點(diǎn)，使用合適的庫(kù)存管理軟件，建立公司的存貨管理信息系統(tǒng)，使公司內(nèi)部各部門之間，以及公司與供應(yīng)商、經(jīng)銷商之間實(shí)現(xiàn)存貨信息的共享，從而提高公司的存貨管理效率。 此外 ， 實(shí)施盤點(diǎn)控制，公司應(yīng)對(duì)存貨進(jìn)行定期和不定期的盤點(diǎn)，確定帳目是否屬實(shí)，為企業(yè)的存 貨管理提供真實(shí)可靠的信息。規(guī)范存貨采購(gòu)、生產(chǎn)消耗、銷售等部，發(fā)揮存貨內(nèi)部控制制度的相互制約和相互監(jiān)督的作用。公司應(yīng)對(duì)存貨進(jìn)行定期和不定期的盤點(diǎn)清查，以確定賬實(shí)是否相符，為公司的存貨管理提供真實(shí)可靠的信息。公司應(yīng)建立完整的供應(yīng)商檔案，根據(jù)供應(yīng)商的生產(chǎn)能力、資質(zhì)等級(jí)、信譽(yù)及價(jià)格等 情況 ，建立完整的供應(yīng)商準(zhǔn)入制度，從源頭上制止不良存貨的發(fā)生。通過建立存貨業(yè)務(wù)的崗位責(zé)任制，明確各部門和相關(guān)人員應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任、權(quán)利和義務(wù)，規(guī)范存貨業(yè)務(wù)的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，確保 相關(guān)部門和崗位職責(zé)分明，并保證存貨業(yè)務(wù)的不相容崗位相互分離、相互制約和監(jiān)督，杜絕徇私舞弊現(xiàn)象的發(fā)生。 （四）完善公司的內(nèi)部控制體系。 在優(yōu)化和改良的過程中，公司需要分析生產(chǎn)的各個(gè)流程中哪些是無效的作業(yè)流程，哪些是能夠提高產(chǎn)品附加價(jià)值的作業(yè)流程，進(jìn) 而消除無效的流程。在此基礎(chǔ)上，公司應(yīng)重點(diǎn)抓好 A 類存貨的管理，制定有效的存貨管理戰(zhàn)略，嚴(yán)格控制該類存貨的數(shù)量，提高其周轉(zhuǎn)的速度。因此，公司在存貨的日常管理中，可以根據(jù)存貨的重要程度 ，將其分為 A、 B、 C 三類。 （二）對(duì)存貨進(jìn)行分類管理。采購(gòu)人員能運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)批量法，降低采購(gòu)成本和訂貨成本；倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)保管