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on X”或 “l(fā)ittle attention has been devoted to X”. (3)在闡述作者本人研究目的的句子中應(yīng)有類似 This paper, The experiment reported here等詞,以表示所涉及的內(nèi)容是作者的工作,而不是指其他學(xué)者過去的研究 . 例如 :“In summary, previous methods are all extremely inefficient. Hence a new approach is developed to process the data more efficiently.”就容易使讀者產(chǎn)生誤解,其中的第二句應(yīng)修改為 :“In this paper, a new approach will be developed to process the data more efficiently.” 或者 , “This paper will present a new approach that processes the data more efficiently.” 5 材料和方法 寫作要點(diǎn) (1) 對(duì)材料的描述應(yīng)清楚、準(zhǔn)確 . 材料描述中應(yīng)該清楚地指出研究對(duì)象 (樣品或產(chǎn)品、動(dòng)物、植物、病人 )的數(shù)量、來源和準(zhǔn)備方法 . 對(duì)于實(shí)驗(yàn)材料的名稱,應(yīng)采用國(guó)際同行所熟悉的通用名,盡量避免使用只有作者所在國(guó)家的人所熟悉的專門名稱 . (2)對(duì)方法的描述要詳略得當(dāng)、重點(diǎn)突出 . 應(yīng)遵循的原則是給出足夠的細(xì)節(jié)信息以便讓同行能夠重復(fù)實(shí)驗(yàn),避免混入有關(guān)結(jié)果或發(fā)現(xiàn)方面的內(nèi)容 . 如果方法新穎、且不曾發(fā)表過, 應(yīng)提供所有必需的細(xì)節(jié);如果所采用的方法已經(jīng)公開報(bào)道過,引用相關(guān)的文獻(xiàn)即可 (如果報(bào)道該方法期刊的影響力很有限,可稍加詳細(xì)描述 ). (3) 力求語(yǔ)法正確、描述準(zhǔn)確 . 由于材料和方法部分通常需要描述很多的內(nèi)容,因此通常需要采用很簡(jiǎn)潔的語(yǔ)言,故使用精確的英語(yǔ)描述材料和方法是十分重要的 . 需要注意的方面通常有 :(a)不要遺漏動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者 . 如 :“To determine its respiratory quotient, the anism was…”顯然, the anism不能來 determine?又 如 :“Having pleted the study, the bacteria were of no further interest.”顯然, the bacteria不會(huì)來 pleted the study. (b)在簡(jiǎn)潔表達(dá)的同時(shí)要注意內(nèi)容方面的邏輯性 . 如 :“Blood samples were taken from 48 informed and consenting patients… the subjects ranged in age from 6 months to 22 years”,其中的語(yǔ)法沒有錯(cuò)誤,但 6 months的嬰兒能表達(dá) informed consent? (c)如果有多種可供選擇的方法能采用,在引用文獻(xiàn)時(shí)提及一下具體的方法 . 如 :“cells were broken by as previously described[9]”不夠清楚,應(yīng)改為 :“cells were broken by ultrasonic treatment as previously described[9]”. 時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)的運(yùn)用 (1)若描述的內(nèi)容為不受時(shí)間影響的事實(shí), 應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) . 如 :A twinlen reflex camera is actually a bination of two separate camera boxes. (2)若描述的內(nèi)容為特定的過去行為或事件,則采用過去式 . 如 :The work was carried out on the Imperial College gas atomizer, which was described in detail elsewhere[4, 5]. (3)方法章節(jié)的焦點(diǎn)在于描述實(shí)驗(yàn)中所進(jìn)行的每個(gè)步驟以及所采用的 材料 . 由于所涉及的行為與材料是討論的焦點(diǎn),而且讀者已知道實(shí)施這些行為和采用這些材料的人就是作者自己,因而一般都習(xí)慣采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) . 例如 :優(yōu) :The samples were immersed in an ultrasonic bath for 3 minutes in acetone followed by 10 minutes in distilled water. 劣 :We immersed the samples in an ultrasonic bath for 3 minutes in acetone followed by 10 minutes in distilled water. (4)如果涉及表達(dá)作者的觀點(diǎn)或看法,則應(yīng)采用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) . 例如 :優(yōu) :For the second trial, the apparatus was covered by a sheet of plastic. We believed this modification would reduce the amount of scattering. 或 :For the second trial, We covered the apparatus by a sheet of plastic to reduce the amount of scattering. 劣 :For the second trial, the apparatus was covered by a sheet of plastic. It was believed that this modification would reduce the amount of scattering. 6 結(jié)果 寫作要點(diǎn) (1)在 “結(jié)果 ”(Result)中通常 不要包括 “討論 ”(Discussion)的內(nèi)容 . (2)對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)或觀察結(jié)果的表達(dá)要高度概括和提煉,不能簡(jiǎn)單地將實(shí)驗(yàn)記錄數(shù)據(jù)或觀察事實(shí)堆積到論文中,尤其是要突出有科學(xué)意義和具代表性的數(shù)據(jù),而不是沒完沒了地重復(fù)一般性數(shù)據(jù) . (3)數(shù)據(jù)表達(dá)可采用文字與圖表相結(jié)合的形式 . 如果只有一個(gè)或很少的測(cè)定結(jié)果,在正文中用文字描述即可;如果數(shù)據(jù)較多,可采用圖表形式進(jìn)行完整、詳細(xì)地表述,文字部分則用來指出圖表中資料的重要特性或趨勢(shì) . 切忌在文字中簡(jiǎn)單地重復(fù)圖表中的數(shù)據(jù),而忽略敘述其趨勢(shì)、意義以及相關(guān)推論 . (4)適當(dāng)解釋原始數(shù) 據(jù),以幫助讀者的理解 . 如果論文中還包括獨(dú)立的 “討論 ”章節(jié),應(yīng)將詳細(xì)的研究結(jié)果留到該部分討論,但 “結(jié)果 ”中應(yīng)提及必要的解釋,以便讓讀者能清楚地了解作者此次研究的結(jié)果、意義或重要性 . (5)文字表達(dá)應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)潔、清楚 . 避免使用冗長(zhǎng)的詞匯或句子來介紹或解釋圖表 . 為簡(jiǎn)潔、清楚起見,不要把圖表的序號(hào)作為段落的主題句,應(yīng)在句子中指出圖表所揭示的結(jié)論,并把圖表的序號(hào)放入括號(hào)中 . 例如 :“Figure 1 shows the relationship between A and B”不如 “A was significantly higher than B at all time points checked (Figure 1)”.又如, “It is clearly shown in Table 1 that nocillin inhibited the growth of N. gonorrhoeae.”不如 “Nocillin inhibited the growth of N. gonorrhoeae (Table 1)”. 時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用 (1)指出結(jié)果在哪些圖表中列出,常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) . 如 :Figure 2 shows the variation in the samples over time. (2)敘述或總結(jié)研究結(jié)果的內(nèi)容為過去的事實(shí)時(shí),通常采用過去時(shí) . 如 :After flight of less than two hours, 11% of the army pilots and 33% of the civilian pilots reported back pain. (3)對(duì)研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行說明或由其得出一般性推論時(shí),多用現(xiàn)在時(shí) . 如 :The higher incidence of back pain in civilian pilots may be due to their