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第一章基本概念chapter1basicconcepts-文庫吧資料

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【正文】 cesses: A. All of the weights are removed from the piston instantaneously and the gas expands until its volume is increased by a factor of four (a free expansion). B. Half of the weight is removed from the piston instantaneously, the system is allowed to double in volume, and then the remaining half of the weight is instantaneously removed from the piston and the gas is allowed to expand until its volume is again doubled. C. Each small weight is removed from the piston one at a time, so that the pressure inside the cylinder is always in equilibrium with the weight on top of the piston. When the last weight is removed, the volume has increased by a factor of four. (2) 如何實(shí)現(xiàn)可逆過程? How to fulfill reversible process? ?工質(zhì)與環(huán)境之間的溫差和壓差必須無限小 The temperature and pressure difference between the working fluid and its surroundings should be infinitely small. ?沒有內(nèi)部或機(jī)械摩擦損失--沒有耗散效應(yīng) No internal or mechanical friction is allowed. no dissipative effect. This requires that the working fluid goes through a continuous series of equilibrium states. A reversible process should satisfy the following criteria: 可逆過程的實(shí)現(xiàn) 準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過程 + 無耗散效應(yīng) = 可逆過程 無不平衡勢差 通過摩擦使功 變熱的效應(yīng)(摩阻,電阻,非彈性變性,磁阻等) 不平衡勢差 不可逆根源 耗散效應(yīng) 耗散效應(yīng) irreversibility Dissipative effect 耗散效應(yīng) Dissipative effect The factors that cause a process to be irreversible are called irreversibilities.(導(dǎo)致過程不可逆的因素稱為不可逆性) Such as heat transfer across a finite temperature difference(溫差傳熱), Temperature difference is the driving force of heat transfer. However, a heat transfer process bees less and less irreversible as the temperature difference between the two bodies approaches zero friction(摩擦) , The more friction force involved, the more irreversibility the process is.(過程所涉及的摩擦阻力越大,過程的不可逆越強(qiáng) .) Friction can occur between two solid bodies, and also between solid and a fluid, even between the layers of a fluid moving at different velocities. ( 3) Irreversibilities (不可逆性) Heat transfer 常見的不可逆過程 不等溫傳熱 T1 T2 T1T2 Q 節(jié)流過程 (閥門) p1 p2 p1p2 Frequently encountered irreversibilities Throttler 常見的不可逆過程 混合過程 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ 自由膨脹 真空 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Frequently encountered irreversibilities Unrestrained expansion Mixing process electric resistance(電阻) inelastic deformation of solid(固體的塑性變形) chemical reactions(化學(xué)反應(yīng)) . ? 準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過程是一個內(nèi)部不可逆過程,而可逆過程是完全不可逆過程。 2. Reversible process (可逆過程) ( 1) 定義( Definition) 系統(tǒng)經(jīng)歷某一過程后,如果能使 系統(tǒng) 與 外界同時(shí) 恢復(fù)到初始狀態(tài),而不留下任何痕跡,則此過程為可逆過程。 “ 突然 ”“ 緩慢 ” ( 3)準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過程的容積變化功 p p外 f 初始: p?A = p外 ?A +f A 如果 p外 微小 ? 可視為準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過程 dl 以汽缸中 mkg工質(zhì)為系統(tǒng) mkg工質(zhì)發(fā)生容積變化對外界作的功 ?W = p?A ?dl =pdV 1kg工質(zhì) ?w =pdv dl 很小 , 近似認(rèn)為 p 不變 Moving Boundary Work 準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過程的容積變化功 p p外 2 mkg工質(zhì): ?W =pdV 1kg工質(zhì): ?w =pdv 1 21W pdV? ?21w p d v? ?注意: 上式僅適用于準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過程 示功圖 indicator (pV) diagram p V . 1 2 . p p外 2 1 mkg工質(zhì): ?W =pdV 21W pdV? ?1kg工質(zhì): ?w =pdv 21w p d v? ?W 準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)容積變化功的說明 p V . 1 2 2) pV 圖上用 面積 表示 3)功的大小與路徑有關(guān), 過程量 Path function 4)統(tǒng)一規(guī)定: dV0,膨脹 對外作功( 正 ) dV0,壓縮 外內(nèi)作功( 負(fù) ) 5)適于 準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)下 的 任何 工質(zhì)(一般為流體) 6)外力無限制,功的表達(dá)式只是系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部參數(shù) 7)有無 摩擦 ,只影響系統(tǒng)功與外界功的大小差別 1) 單位為 [kJ] 或 [kJ/kg] W w 摩擦損失 Friction Loss的影響 若有 f 存在,就存在損失 p p外 2 1 系統(tǒng)對外作功 W,外界得到的功 W ’W 若外界將得到的功 W ’再返還給系統(tǒng),系統(tǒng)得到的功 W’’W’ 則 外界、活塞、系統(tǒng)不能同時(shí)恢復(fù)原態(tài)。 Any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another is called a process. 路徑 : The series of states through which a system passes during a process is called the path of the process. (2)準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過程 Quasistatic or Quasiequilibrium process 一般過程 Process p1 = p0+重物 p, T p0 T1 = T0 突然去掉重物 最終 p2 = p0 T2 = T0 p v 1 2 . . 準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過程 Quasistatic process p1 = p0+重物 p, T p0 T1 = T0 假如重物有無限多層 每次只去掉無限薄一層 p v 1 2 . . . 系統(tǒng) 隨時(shí) 接近于平衡態(tài) 在 無限小勢差推動 下的由 連續(xù)平衡態(tài) 組成的過程,就是準(zhǔn)靜態(tài)過程。 Not all properties are independent of each other, if two independent properties are known, then other properties of the same state can be determined. Equation of State ? 狀態(tài)方程 ? 基本狀態(tài)參數(shù)( p,v,T)之間的關(guān)系 The relationship between properties is called Equation of State () 狀態(tài)方程 Equation of state 簡單可壓縮系統(tǒng): N = 2 F( p,v,T)=0 P=f(T,v) T=f(P,v) v=f(P,T) 座標(biāo)圖 diagram 簡單可壓縮系統(tǒng) N=2, 平面 坐標(biāo)圖 p v 1)系統(tǒng)任何平衡態(tài)可 表示在坐標(biāo)圖上 說明: 2)過程線中任意一點(diǎn) 為平衡態(tài) 3)不平衡態(tài)無法在圖 上用實(shí)線表示 常見 pv圖和 Ts圖 2 1 167。 Steady 穩(wěn)定:參數(shù)不隨時(shí)間變化 穩(wěn)定 但存在 不平衡勢差 去掉 外界影響, 則 狀態(tài)變化 若以 (熱源 +銅棒 +冷源)為系統(tǒng),又如何 ? 穩(wěn)定不一定平衡,但平衡一定穩(wěn)定 (4) 平衡 與均勻 Equilibrium amp。 A system in equilibrium experiences no changes with time when it is isolated from its surroundings. ( Equilibrium State) 167。 溫度測量的理論基礎(chǔ) B 溫度計(jì) 傳統(tǒng):冷熱程度的度量。 Variation of pressure with Depths ? Pressure is a scalar quantity. (壓力是一個標(biāo)量)
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