【正文】 en possible new water control projects undertaken by the Sung greatly expanded the acreage of irrigated paddy it estimated that rhe rice crop doubled between the eleventh and twelfth centuries. This increasing productivity made possible a corresponding increase in population,which in turn further stimulated production in interacting volume of trade also rose with the quickening tempo of economic the first time large cities appeared in China that were primarily mercial rather than administrative centers. Even more marked than this spurt in domestic trade was that in foreign overseas merce had been carried on since Han times,but during the TAng ,and more especially during the Sung,the volume of foreign trade far surpassed all previous basis for this burgeoning trade was,of course,the unprecedented productivity of China’s also were the improvements in maritime technology,including the use of pass,of an adjustable centerboard keel,and of cotton sails in place of bamboo overseas was quickened also by the initiative of Moslem merchants and mariners who were the great entrepreneurs in Asian seas at this period. The end result was that for the first time the seaports rather than the old overland routes bee China’s principal contact with the outside of China’s economic leadership at this time is the fact that her exports were mostly manufactured goods such as silk,porcelains,books and paintings,while the imports were mostly raw materials such as spices,minerals,and it should be noted that during the Sung the Chinese themselves for the first time engaged on a large scale in overseas trade,no longer dependi ng largely on foreign conclusion,China during the sung was well on the way to being a great maritime the all important fact for world history as well as for Chinese,is that this this potentiatity was never ,equally significant,this veritable mercial revolution of the Sung era had none of the explosive repercussions on Chinese society that a corresponding mercial revolution had on Western society (See sectionⅤ of this chaper.) (Leften Stavros world to 1500 :A global history[M].PrenticeHall,Inc,1970.) Song dynasty .(960 – 1279) Chinese dynasty that united the entire country until 1127 and the southern portion until 1279, during which time northern China was controlled by the Juchen tribes. During the Song, merce flourished, paper currency came into increasing use, and several cities boasted populations exceeding one million people. Wang Anshi worked for more equitable taxation and statecentred solutions for China39。the beautiful porcelain as thin as glass and almost as transparent。the masterpieces of scores of great poets and artists。the first lhalf,between 960 and 1127,is called the Northern Sung. This dynasty was much berated by later Chinese historians for failing initially to regain the outlying provinces,and then suffering the loss of the entire northern half of criticism cannot be denied, yet it is also true that in many respects Chinese civilization reached its apogee during the centuries of the T’ang and the was particularly so in the field of these centuries appeared the vast encyclopedias of Buddhist texts and Confucian classics。the Song the Tang collapse warlords ruled China until he Song Dynasty reimposed centralized imperial rule in the ate tenth survived for more than three centuries, the Song dynasty(.)never built a very powerful rulers mistrusted military leaders,and they placed much more emphasis on civil administration,industry ,education,and the arts than on military affairs. The first Song emperor,Song Taizu(reigned .),himself inaugurated this policy. Song Taizu began his career a a junior military officer serving one of the most powerful warlords in northern had a reputation for honesty and effectiveness,and in 960 his troops proclaimed him the next several years,he and his army subjected the warlords to their authority and consolidated Song control throughout then persuaded his generals to retire honorably to a life of leisure so that they would not seek to displace him,and he set about anizing a centralized administration that placed military forces under tight supervision. Song Taizu regarded all state officials,even minor functionari