【正文】 mp。s an accident, but theyamp。 Whereas Spanish speakers might be less likely to remember who did it if itamp。 he broke the vase.amp。quot。如果它是一場意外，你會(huì)使用不一樣的語言結(jié)構(gòu)。我弄傷了我的手臂”。39。quot。quot。如果這是一個(gè)意外，你不會(huì)說是誰打碎的?；蛘摺薄Ｔ谖靼嘌勒Z里面，你更可能會(huì)說”。在英語里面，你可以說”。t say that someone did it.
　　語言的差異還體現(xiàn)在它們對(duì)事件的描述上。s an accident, you wouldnamp。 If itamp。The vase broke itself.amp。 or, amp。The vase broke,amp。 In a language like Spanish, you might be more likely to say, amp。He broke the vase.amp。s fine to say, amp。
　　Languages also differ in how they describe events, right? You take an event like this, an accident. In English, itamp。綿長”。強(qiáng)壯”。優(yōu)雅”。美麗”。在德語中是陰性的，在西班牙語中則是陽性的。如果你讓德語使用者和西班牙語使用者描述一座橋，就像這一座，”。quot。quot。quot。quot。39。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。39。比如，太陽在德語中是陰性的，在西班牙語中則是陽性的，月亮則相反。很多語言都有語法上的詞性，每個(gè)名詞都有一個(gè)指定的詞性，通常是陽性或陰性。 every noun gets assigned a gender, often masculine or feminine. And these genders differ across languages. So, for example, the sun is feminine in German but masculine in Spanish, and the moon, the reverse. Could this actually have any consequence for how people think?
　　語言還有各種各樣的結(jié)構(gòu)特征。而不做這種分辨的英語使用者的大腦則不會(huì)表現(xiàn)出驚訝，因?yàn)闆]發(fā)生什么根本的變化。的人的大腦會(huì)在顏色從淺到深的轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)表現(xiàn)出驚訝，仿佛”。和”。t give that surprise, because nothing is categorically changing.
　　當(dāng)你觀察人們?cè)诳催@些顏色的大腦時(shí)，假設(shè)你給他們看從淺藍(lán)色到深藍(lán)色的漸變，那些用不同詞形容”。t make this categorical distinction, donamp。 whereas the brains of English speakers, for example, that donamp。Ooh, something has categorically changed,amp。re looking at colors say you have colors shifting slowly from light to dark blue the brains of people who use different words for light and dark blue will give a surprised reaction as the colors shift from light to dark, as if, amp。s brains as theyamp。
　　And when you look at peopleamp。所以俄語使用者一生都會(huì)在語言上區(qū)別這兩種顏色。siniy”。goluboy”。39。39。quot。quot。quot。quot。但是在俄語里面，卻沒有這樣的一個(gè)詞。這些語言差異體現(xiàn)在不同顏色之間的界限在哪里。和”。有些語言有很多的顏色詞匯，有的則很少，就只有”。39。39。quot。quot。quot。quot。但對(duì)那些沒有這一語言特征的人來說卻無法做到。事實(shí)上，對(duì)那些使用沒有數(shù)字的語言的人來說，他們不會(huì)數(shù)數(shù)，計(jì)算精確的數(shù)量對(duì)他們來說是很難的。八”。七”。t do that.
　　但有些語言不是這樣的，因?yàn)橛行┱Z言沒有精確的數(shù)字詞匯。t have that linguistic trick canamp。t count, and they have trouble keeping track of exact quantities. So, for example, if I ask you to match this number of penguins to the same number of ducks, you would be able to do that by counting. But folks who donamp。 In fact, people who speak these languages donamp。eight.amp。 or a word likeamp。sevenamp。t have a word like amp。re languages that donamp。t have exact number words. Theyamp。t do this, because some languages donamp。
　　Well, some languages donamp。這是你小時(shí)候就學(xué)會(huì)了的技巧，你學(xué)會(huì)了數(shù)數(shù)，你也學(xué)會(huì)了怎么用它。地?cái)?shù)過去。你會(huì)”。re taught to use as kids. You learn the number list and you learn how to apply it. A little linguistic trick.
　　再給大家說一個(gè)人類的聰明之處。 You counted them. You named each one with a number, and the last number you said was the number of penguins. This is a little trick that youamp。One, two, three, four,five, six, seven, eight.amp。d solve that problem if you solved it. You went, amp。s another really smart human trick. Suppose I ask you how many penguins are there. Well, I bet I know how youamp。
　　Hereamp。對(duì)KuukThaayorre人來說，時(shí)間是跟地理有關(guān)的。如果我面向這邊，時(shí)間就是這樣走的。對(duì)我來說，如果我面向這邊，時(shí)間就是這樣走的。39。39。39。39。39。39。當(dāng)他們面朝東方的時(shí)候，他們將時(shí)間從遠(yuǎn)到近排。當(dāng)我們讓他們面朝南方的時(shí)候，他們將時(shí)間順序從左向右排。的概念。和”。我剛才提到的土著民會(huì)怎么排呢?他們沒有”。quot。quot。quot。quot。39。如果你說的是希伯來語或阿拉伯語，你則可能會(huì)以相反的方向排列，從右到左。如果我讓一個(gè)英語使用者將它們按時(shí)間進(jìn)行排列，他們可以會(huì)這樣排，從左到右。
　　There are also really big differences in how people think about time. So here I have pictures of my grandfather at different ages. And if I ask an English speaker to organize time, they might lay it out this way, from left to right. This has to do with writing direction. If you were a speaker of Hebrew or Arabic, you might do it going in the opposite direction, from right to left.
　　人們思考時(shí)間的方式也非常不同。t know which way is which, but in another group, I could ask a fiveyearold and they would know.
　　暫且就說，在座的大家在這個(gè)問題上的準(zhǔn)確度不是很高。s just say the