【正文】 bing the stabilizing interactions in proteins Replacement of conserved residues: E. coli Thioredoxin Carbohydrate side chains and protein stability Is there a tradeoff between stability and Activity ? Enzymes in Organic Media Introduction Enzyme behavior in anhydrous anic solvents Some case studies Water Chapter 9 Functional Diversity of Proteins Targeting and functional diversity Proteins are directed to the regions where they are utilized Classification of proteins according to location emphasizes functionality Protein structure is suited to protein function Hemoglobin—an allosteric oxygenbinding protein Musclean aggregate of proteins involved in contraction Protein diversification as a result of evolutionary pressures Chapter 10 Proteins in Solution and in Membranes Introduction Physical and chemical properties of soluble proteins Aqueous solubility Hydrodynamic properties in aqueous solution Spectral properties Ionization Chemical properties Proteins in membranes Association with membrane Structures of integral membrane proteins Identifying amino acid sequences likely to transverse membranes Dynamic behavior in membranes Flexibility of protein structure Chapter 11 Protein Engineering Introduction to Protein Engineering Production and Analytical Characterization of Proteins DNA level processes Finding the protein of interest Developing rebinant DNA libaries Mutagenesis principle Protein Characterization Methods to determine and assess the protein strucutre and position Assessment of mutant proteins Summary of Issues to Consider before Engineering a Protein What is needed? Industrial issues Protein Engineering for Stability Engineering therapeutic antibody Sitedirected drug design Chapter 12 Proteome and Proteomics Introduction to the Proteomics Proteome: a new wod, a new field biology The Proteome and Technology Thinking in two dimenesions Further dimensions in protein analysis Information and the proteome TwoDimensional Electrophoresis: The State of the Art and Future Direction Protein Identification in Proteome Projects The Importance of Protein Co and Post Translational Modifications in Proteome Projects Proteome Databases Interfacing and Integrating Databases Largescale Comparative Protein Modelling Applications of Proteomics Chapte 13 Protein Synthesis, Targeting, and Turnover The cellular machinery of protein synthesis Messenger RNA is the template for protein synthesis Transfer RNAs order activated amino acids on the mRNA template Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis The Geic code The code was deciphered with the help of synthetic messengers The code is highly degenerate Wobble introduces ambiguity into codonanticodon interactions The code is not universal The rules regarding codonanticodon pairing are speciesspecific The Steps in translation Chapter 1 Introduction to Protein Chemistry Overview—Advances in Protein Chemistry 1. Advances in technological and experimental approaches. Experimentalists are able to alter the activity and stability of proteins by protein engineering, and the first tentative steps in protein design are under way. 2. Theoreticians are able to simulate many aspects of folding and catalysis with increasing detail and reliability. 3. The ultimate goal of protein science is to be able to predict the structure and active of a protein de novo and how it will bind ligands 4. Proteome and proteomics Protein biology is the study of protein structure revealing details of the function and life cycle of individual polypeptides. Completion of the sequences of animal and plant genomes will not be the consummation of modern biology, but a new beginning. The experimental and philosophical challenge is not just to identify polypeptide gene products for all coding genes, but to provide a rationale for how they work. As part of a cellular response to external stimuli, proteins may be altered by chemical modification or change of subcellular localization, processing, degradation, or concentration. How do proteins work? How they work together? How do they work over time and space? The development of technologies and experimental approaches that were required to answer the questions of protein biology accelerated during the early period of genomic analysis. These technologies are now essential tools of experimental biology. All of the strategies aim toward the highest sensitivity analysis possible. Chromatographic and electrophoretic separation and determination, Edman sequence analysis, amino acid analysis, and mass spectrometry are now all performed routinely with a few pioles of protein or peptide. Subpioles and low femtomole levels of analysis are reported in the literature more frequently, and experiments detecting attomoles of protein or peptide have been described. Covalent modifications of proteins are an essential part of the language of intracellular and intercellular munication. They may be reversible or irreversible. They may be required for biological activity, or simply modulate it, functioning as ―molecular switches‖. They are important