【正文】 ,實用文體翻譯八——科技論文摘要的翻譯,英文摘要的時態(tài) (2)現(xiàn)在完成時: 說明某課題現(xiàn)已取得的成果，已完成的工作或項目. 例如：……從而得出了深孔控制爆破的有效影響半徑。 例如：指出了瓦斯放散初速度測定必須在恒定溫度下進行，…… It was also found that initial speed of methane emission must be conducted under the constant temperature撰寫英文摘要更應(yīng)該注意簡潔明了，力爭用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。,第七十六頁，共九十五頁。,實用文體翻譯八——科技論文標(biāo)題的翻譯,部分常見標(biāo)題的英文表達格式 下面是一些常見標(biāo)題的英文表達格式。這些詞出現(xiàn)頻率高、組合應(yīng)用廣，掌握它們的固定用法有助于正確翻譯好標(biāo)題。短語型標(biāo)題要確定好中心詞，再進行前后修飾。,第七十四頁，共九十五頁。,實用文體翻譯八——科技論文標(biāo)題的翻譯,標(biāo)題翻譯大小寫的一般格式 標(biāo)題中英文字母的大小寫，一般有以下 3 種格式： ①如果是重要提示性標(biāo)題，或者是專有名稱標(biāo)題，可以全部字母都用大寫，但這種用法應(yīng)慎重； ②一般實詞 ( 名詞、動詞、代詞、形容詞、副詞等 ) 首字母大寫， 4 個字母以下的介詞、連詞、冠詞全部小寫，如 in ， On ， for ， over ， by ， and ， the 等，超過 5 個字母的虛詞，如 between ， without ， alongside ， underneath 等應(yīng)該大寫； ③第一個詞第一個字母大寫，其余全部小寫。而且翻譯者一定要具備一定的專業(yè)知識，才能做到在內(nèi)容上符合原文，在語言的應(yīng)用上做到嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、通順、符合邏輯，不致于在翻譯之后，造成嚴(yán)重的邏輯失誤，最終不能忠實于原著，起不到學(xué)術(shù)交流的作用。,實用文體翻譯八——科技論文標(biāo)題的翻譯,標(biāo)題翻譯的邏輯組合應(yīng)該嚴(yán)謹(jǐn) 科技論文標(biāo)題的翻譯，不但是兩種語言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換，更要符合翻譯的基本原則。在翻譯的過程里，也要運用最精煉的結(jié)構(gòu)，才能符合原著簡潔明了的風(fēng)格。 英文標(biāo)題，要求既能準(zhǔn)確表達中文標(biāo)題的意義，又符合英文習(xí)慣。,第七十一頁，共九十五頁。 (3)which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾process，可以直接譯成定語。distinguish 的賓語a more formal kind of education被within引導(dǎo)的狀語分割開來。,50. We are (thus) led (to distinguish, within the broad educational process // which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education / that of direct tuition or schooling.) 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析 (1)本句是一個復(fù)合句，含有一個which引導(dǎo)的定語從句，主句的主干是we are led.,第七十頁，共九十五頁。,第六十八頁，共九十五頁。 (4)them 指代“年輕人”，應(yīng)該譯出。,第六十七頁，共九十五頁。,49. Since our chief business (with them )is to enable them to share in a common life / we cannot help considering // (whether or no we are forming the powers /// which will secure this ability.) 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析 (1)本句是一個復(fù)雜的主從復(fù)合句，句子主干是we cannot help considering，since引導(dǎo)的是原因狀語從句，whether or no引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，which引導(dǎo)的是定語從句。,第六十五頁，共九十五頁。 (5)從上文可知，主句中的them、their都是指代“年輕人”。,第六十四頁，共九十五頁。 (3)從句是while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句，it作形式主語代替不定式“to ignore…disposition”。 the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.,第六十三頁，共九十五頁。,第六十二頁，共九十五頁。,47. (Only gradually) was the byproduct of the institution noted, / and (only more gradually still) was this effect considered as a directive factor (in the conduct of the institution.) (3)兩句都采用了被動語態(tài)，可以翻譯成漢語的主動語態(tài)：首句譯為無主句，并列分句的主語變?yōu)橘e語，再譯為主動句。,47. (Only gradually) was the byproduct of the institution noted, / and (only more gradually still) was this effect considered as a directive factor (in the conduct of the institution.) 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析 (1)該句是由and引導(dǎo)的并列句，句子的主干是the byproduct was noted and this effect was considered as a directive factor. (2) 兩句話的句首都是only引導(dǎo)的時間狀語，采用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。,47 Only gradually was the byproduct of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world39。 可以說，衡量任何社會制度的價值在于它對擴大和改進經(jīng)驗的影響，但是這種影響并不是它最初動機的組成部分。,46. It may be said //that the measure (of the worth of any social institution) is its effect (in enlarging and improving experience)。 family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity。,46 It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience。,Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental。 5.學(xué)習(xí)并掌握基本的翻譯技巧。 4.注意同義詞、近義詞、形近詞的區(qū)分和辨析。 3.注意詞語的固定搭配。特別要注意一詞多義，常見詞一般具有多義性，翻譯時要根據(jù)搭配和上下文確定意義。善于在復(fù)雜的句式結(jié)構(gòu)中找出主體結(jié)構(gòu)，特別是主句的主語和謂語，并以此作為句子理解和翻譯的起點。,第五十五頁，共九十五頁。,實用文體翻譯七——考研英語,一、題型特點 要求考生閱讀一篇約400詞的文章，并將其中5個劃線部分（約150詞）譯成漢語，要求譯文準(zhǔn)確、完整、通順，即主要考查考生依據(jù)上下文的幫助對于具有較大難度的語句在理解和書面表達方面的能力。 6. Afterwards he found a sunspot which lived long enough to disappear from view on the western limb of the sun, to reappear on its eastern limb, and finally to regain its old position. 后來，他發(fā)現(xiàn)在太陽西部的邊緣上有一群黑子，過了好一會兒，黑子漸漸消失，出現(xiàn)在太陽東部邊緣，最后又回復(fù)原位。,第五十三頁，共九十五頁。,5. If a designer were to design a bracket to support 100 lb. when it should have been figured for1000 lb., failure would be forthcoming. *如果設(shè)汁者所設(shè)計的托架能支撐100 磅，當(dāng)它被設(shè)計為1000磅時，事故一定會出現(xiàn)。 4. The pilot lamp stopped to represent the termination of1he operation. 指示燈熄滅，以表示操作終止。 2. The importance of superconductors in the uses of electricity cannot be overestimated. 對超導(dǎo)體在電器應(yīng)用上的重要性怎么估計也不會過高。,第五十一頁，共九十五頁。 3. During one fouryear period about 600 years ago the Black Death killed at least 25 million people in Europe. *大約600 年前，黑死病在4 年中至少使2500萬歐洲人死亡。,Practice: Point out mistakes in the following translation and correct them. 1. In 1872, he published the results in a paper titled The Galvanic Chain, Mathematically Treated. *在1872 年，他用《電流的鏈、數(shù)學(xué)化處理》為標(biāo)題在報紙上發(fā)表了這個結(jié)果。,Ⅲ. Methods Employed in the Translation of EST科技英語的翻譯方法,Supplementing Some Necessary Words It was understood that atoms were the smallest elements. It is known now that atoms are further divided into nuclei and electrons, neutrons and protons, etc. 以前人們認(rèn)為原子是最小的結(jié)構(gòu)單元，現(xiàn)在才知道原子還可以分為原子核與電子、中子與質(zhì)子等。 Converting the Passive into the Active Plants and trees are provided by nature with four means of dispersing their seeds. 大自然賦予草木4 種傳播種子的方法。,Ⅲ. Methods Employed in the Translation of EST科技英語的翻譯方法,Converting Attributive Elements into Independent Sentences, Adverbial Clauses, etc. This is an electrical method, which is most promising when the water is brackish. 這是一種電氣方法。 Converting the Noun Phrase into a Verbobject Structure The building of these giant iron and steel works will greatly accelerate the development of the iron and steel industry of our country. 建立這些大型鋼鐵廠會大大加速我國鋼鐵工業(yè)的發(fā)展。,第四十七頁，共九十五頁。,第四十六頁，共九十五頁。,More NonFinite Forms of the Verb Today the electronic computer is widely used hi solving mathematical problems having to do with weather forecasting and putting satellites into orbit. 今天，電子計算機廣泛地用于解決一些數(shù)學(xué)問題，這些問題與天氣預(yù)報和把衛(wèi)星送人軌