【正文】 it helps the pany that is selling things, etc.‖ ? ―Individual human beings will be herded around like cattle, with predictably destructive results on rule of law, social justice and economics.‖ ? ―There is an incentive only to further obfuscate the presence and operations of algorithmic shaping of munications processes.‖ g 11 PEW RESEARCH CENTER ? ―Algorithms are … amplifying the negative impacts of data gaps and exclusions.‖ ? ―Algorithms have the capability to shape individuals‘ decisions without them even knowing it, giving those who have control of the algorithms an unfair position of power.‖ ? ―The fact the inter can, through algorithms, be used to almost read our minds means [that] those who have access to the algorithms and their databases have a vast opportunity to manipulate large population groups.‖ ? ―The lack of accountability and plete opacity is frightening.‖ ? ―By utilitarian metrics, algorithmic decisionmaking has no downside。 however, as with all great technological revolutions, this trend has a dark side. Most respondents pointed out concerns, chief among them the final five overarching themes of this report。 these constitute a slight majority of the written elaborations. These findings do not represent all the points of view that are possible to a question like this, but they do reveal a wide range of valuable observations based on current trends. In the next section we offer a brief outline of seven key themes found among the written elaborations. Following that introductory section there is a much more indepth look at respondents‘ thoughts tied to each of the themes, beginning on page 30 of this report. All responses are lightly edited for style. Theme 1: Algorithms will continue to spread everywhere There is fairly uniform agreement among these respondents that algorithms are generally invisible to the public and there will be an exponential rise in their influence in the next decade. A representative statement of this view came from Barry Chudakov, founder and principal at Sertain Research and StreamFuzion Corp. He replied: ―?If every algorithm suddenly stopped working, it would be the end of the world as we know it.‘ (Pedro Domingo‘ s The Master Algorithm). Fact: We have already turned our world over to machine learning and algorithms. The question now is, how to better understand and manage what we have done? ―Algorithms are a useful artifact to begin discussing the larger issue of the effects of technologyenabled assists in our lives. Namely, how can we see them at work? Consider and assess their assumptions? And most importantly for those who don‘t create algorithms for a living – how do we educate ourselves about the way they work, where they are in operation, what assumptions and biases are inherent in them, and how to keep them 6 PEW RESEARCH CENTER g transparent? Like fish in a tank, we can see them swimming around and keep an eye on them. ―Algorithms are the new arbiters of human decisionmaking in almost any area we can imagine, from watching a movie (Affectiva emotion recognition) to buying a house () to selfdriving cars (Google). Deloitte Global predicted more than 80 of the world‘s 100 largest enterprise software panies will have cognitive technologies – mediated by algorithms – integrated into their products by the end of 20xx. As Brian Christian and Tom Griffiths write in Algorithms to Live By, algorithms provide ?a better standard against which to pare human cognition itself.‘ They are also a goad to consider that same cognition: How are we thinking and what does it mean to think through algorithms to mediate our world? ―The main positive result of this is better understanding of how to make rational decisions, and in this measure a better understanding of ourselves. After all, algorithms are generated by trial and error, by testing, by observing, and ing to certain mathematical formulae regarding choices that have been made again and again – and this can be used for difficult choices and problems, especially when intuitively we cannot readily see an answer or a way to resolve the problem. The 37% Rule, optimal stopping and other algorithmic conclusions are evidencebased guides that enable us to use wisdom and mathematically verified steps to make better decisions. ―The secondary positive result is connectivity. In a technological recapitulation of what spiritual teachers have been saying for centuries, our things are demonstrating that everything is – or can be – connected to everything else. Algorithms with the persistence and ubiquity of insects will automate processes that used to require human manipulation and thinking. These can now manage basic processes of monitoring, measuring, counting or even seeing. Our car can tell us to slow down. Our televisions can suggest movies to watch. A grocery can suggest a healthy bination of meats and vegetables for dinner. Siri reminds you it‘s your anniversary. ―The main negative changes e down to a simple but now quite difficult question: How can we see, and fully understand the implications of, the algorithms programmed into everyday actions and decisions? The rub is this: Whose intelligence is it, anyway? ... Our systems do not have, and we need to build in, what Davi d G eler nter called ?t op si gh t,‘ the ability to not only create technological solutions but also see and explore their consequences before we build business models, panies and markets on their strengths, and especially on their limitations.‖ 7 PEW RESEARCH CENTER g Chudakov added that this is especially necessary because in the next decade and beyond, ―By expanding collection and analysis of data and the resulting application of this information, a layer of intell