【正文】 ers of how algorithms drive intelligence in a given product and a reasonable outline of the implications inherent in those assumptions.‖ Theme 2: Good things lie ahead A number of respondents noted the many ways in which algorithms will help make sense of massive amounts of data, noting that this will spark breakthroughs in science, new conveniences and human capacities in everyday life, and an everbetter capacity to link people to the 8 PEW RESEARCH CENTER g information that will help them. They perform seemingly miraculous tasks humans cannot and they will continue to greatly augment human intelligence and assist in acplishing great things. A representative proponent of this view is Stephen Downes, a researcher at the National Research Council of Canada, who listed the following as positive changes: ―Some examples: Banks. Today banks provide loans based on very inplete data. It is true that many people who today qualify for loans would not get them in the future. However, many people – and arguably many more people – will be able to obtain loans in the future, as banks turn away from using such factors as race, socioeconomic background, postal code and the like to assess fit. Moreover, with more data (and with a more interactive relationship between bank and client) banks can reduce their risk, thus providing more loans, while at the same time providing a range of services individually directed to actually help a person‘s financial state. “Health care providers. Health care is a significant and growing expense not because people are being less healthy (in fact, societywide, the opposite is true) but because of the significant overhead required to support increasingly plex systems, including prescriptions, insurance, facilities and more. New technologies will enable health providers to shift a significant percentage of that load to the individual, who will (with the aid of personal support systems) manage their health better, coordinate and manage their own care, and create less of a burden on the system. As the overall cost of health care declines, it bees increasingly feasible to provide singlepayer health insurance for the entire population, which has known beneficial health outes and efficiencies. “Governments. A significant proportion of government is based on regulation and monitoring, which will no longer be required with the deployment of automated production and transportation systems, along with sensor works. This includes many of the daily (and often unpleasant) interactions we have with government today, from traffic offenses, manifestation of civil discontent, unfair treatment in mercial and legal processes, and the like. A simple example: One of the most persistent political problems in the United States is the gerrymandering of political boundaries to benefit incumbents. Electoral divisions created by an algorithm to a large degree eliminate gerrymandering (and when open and debatable, can be modified to improve on that result).‖ A sampling of additional answers, from anonymous respondents: ? ―Algorithms find knowledge in an automated way much faster than traditionally feasible.‖ 9 PEW RESEARCH CENTER g ? ―Algorithms can crunch databases quickly enough to alleviate some of the red tape and bureaucracy that currently slows progress down.‖ ? ―We will see less pollution, improved human health, less economic waste.‖ ? ―Algorithms have the potential to equalize access to information.‖ ? ―The efficiencies of algorithms will lead to more creativity and selfexpression.‖ ? ―Algorithms can diminish transportation issues。 they can identify congestion and alternative times and paths.‖ ? ―Selfdriving cars could dramatically reduce the number of accidents we have per year, as well as improve quality of life for most people.‖ ? ―Bettertargeted delivery of news, services and advertising.‖ ? ―More evidencebased social science using algorithms to collect data from social media and click trails.‖ ? ―Improved and more proactive police work, targeting areas where crime can be prevented.‖ ? ―Fewer underdeveloped areas and more international mercial exchanges.‖ ? ―Algorithms ease the friction in decisionmaking, purchasing, transportation and a large number of other behaviors.‖ ? ―Bots will follow orders to buy your stocks. Digital agents will find the materials you need.‖ ? ―Any errors could be corrected. This will mean the algorithms only bee more efficient to humanity‘s desires as time progresses.‖ Participants in this study were in substantial agreement that the abundant positives of accelerating codedependency will continue to drive the spread of algorithms。 however, as with all great technological revolutions, this trend has a dark side. Most respondents pointed out concerns, chief among them the final five overarching themes of this report。 all have subthemes. Theme 3: Humanity and human judgment are lost when data and predictive modeling bee paramount Advances in algorithms are allowing technology corporations and governments to gather, store, sort and analyze massive data sets. Experts in this canvassing noted that these algorithms are primarily written to optimize efficiency and profitability without much thought about the possible societal impacts of the data modeling and analysis. These respondents argued that humans are considered to be an ―input‖ to the process and they are not seen as real, thinking, feeling, changing beings. They say this is creating a flawed, logicdriven society and that as the process evolves – that is, as algorithms begin to write the algorithms – humans may get left out of the loop, letting ―the robots decide.‖ Representative of this view: g 10 PEW RESEARCH CENTER Bart Knijnenburg,