【正文】 C as well as intelligence collection and maritime surveillance, and the KJ2000, based on the Russian A50 airframe. Ground Forces. The PLA has about million ground forces personnel, with approximately 400,000 based in the three MRs opposite Taiwan. China is upgrading these units with modern tanks, armored personnel carriers, and artillery. Among the new capabilities acquired by PLA ground forces are 。 however, newer, and more advanced, aircraft make up a growing percentage of the inventory. . The modernized FB7A fighterbomber will augment other multirole and strike aircraft, such as the F10 and Su30MKK, already deployed with China’s air forces. . China is upgrading its B6 bomber fleet (originally adapted from the Russian Tu16) with a new variant which, when operational, will be armed with a new longrange cruise missile. . The PLAAF received four battalions of upgraded Russian SA20 PMU2 longrange (200km) SAM systems in July 2020. Another four battalions are expected to be delivered in 2020. The SA20 system reportedly provides limited ballistic and cruise missile defense capabilities. . China’s aviation industry is developing several types of airborne early warning and control (AEWamp。 and, the SSN27B/ SIZZLER supersonic ASCM, outfitted on the last eight of twelve total Russianbuilt KILOclass diesel electric submarines China has acquired. . China is developing an antiship ballistic missile (ASBM) based on a variant of the CSS5 mediumrange ballistic missile (MRBM) as a ponent of its antiaccess strategy. The missile has a range in excess of 1,500 km and, when incorporated into a sophisticated mand and control system, is a key ponent of China’s antiaccess strategy to provide the PLA the capability to attack ships at sea, including aircraft carriers, from great distances. Military Power of the People’s Republic of China 中國最大管理資源中心 第 19 頁 共 120 頁 . China is modernizing its longerrange ballistic missile force by adding more survivable systems. Most notably, the DF31 and longer range DF31A are now being deployed to units within the Second Artillery Corps. . China is also working on a new submarine launched ballistic missile, the JL2, for deployment aboard new JINclass (Type 094) nuclearpowered ballistic missile submarines (SSBN). The JL2 is expected to reach initial operational capability (IOC) between 20202020. Space and Counterspace. China is developing a multidimensional program to limit or prevent the use of spacebased assets by its potential adversaries during times of crisis or conflict. Although China’s mercial space program certainly has utility for nonmilitary research, it demonstrates space launch and control capabilities that have direct military application. . In January 2020, China successfully tested a direct ascent, antisatellite (ASAT) weapon, destroying a defunct PRC weather satellite. The unannounced test demonstrated the PLA’s ability to attack satellites operating in lowEarth orbit. The test raised concern among many nations, and the resulting debris cloud put at risk the assets of all space faring nations, and posed a danger to human space flight. . China launched its first lunar orbiter on October 24, 2020. The Chang’e 1 orbiter reached lunar orbit on November 5, 2020. Successful pletion of this mission demonstrated China’s ability to conduct plicated space maneuvers – a capability which has broad implications for military counterspace operations. The Chang’e 1 mission pleted the first of a threestage plan for lunar exploration which includes China’s desire to launch an unmanned lunar rover mission in 2020 and a manned lunar landing by 2020. 中國最大管理資源中心 第 20 頁 共 120 頁 . In October 2020, China launched the fifth in a class of Space Event Support Ships (SESS), the Yuanwang 5, an oceangoing space tracking and survey vessel intended to support China’s growing space program, including its expanding space launch activities. . China launched its 100th Long March series rocket in 2020, and continues to put a more sophisticated and diverse set of satellites into orbit. China is developing the Long March 5, an improved heavylift rocket that will be able to lift larger reconnaissance satellites into lowearth orbit or munications satellites into geosynchronous orbits by 2020, and is constructing a new satellite launch plex on Hainan Island. China expects to replace all foreignproduced satellites in its inventory with indigenously produced sunsynchronous and geostationary models by 2020, with life expectancies of 5 and 15 years, respectively. . China announced plans to launch 15 rockets and 17 satellites in 2020. Additionally, China announced its intention to launch a third manned space mission, Shenzhou VII, in October 2020 on the heels of the Beijing Olympics, underscoring space development as an important symbol of national pride. The majority of the technology used in China’s manned space program is derived from Russian equipment, and China receives significant help from Russia with specific satellite payloads and applications. . China’s leaders remain silent about the military applications of China’s space programs and counterspace activities. Cyberwarfare Capabilities. In the past year, numerous puter works around the world, Military Power of the People’s Republic of C