【正文】 s cane toad population could be transmitted through animal transportation to other continents where cane toads are an essential part of the ecosystem. This is in direct contradiction with the claim in the reading passage that an infectious virus could be developed to stop the reproduction of cane toads without harming other species. 。s death, suggesting that members of her extended family might have published the portrait without having actually seen her in person. Therefore. the fact that the portrait had been endorsed by her family members does not necessarily prove that it is a portrait of Jane Austen. Second, the lecturer argues that the resemblance between the portrait and an authentic sketch of the adult Jane Austen could be explained by the hypothesis that the portrait is of a relative of Jane Austen when the relative was a teenager. Finally, the lecturer argues that despite the style of the painting, which links it to the exact period when Jane Austen was a teenager, the stamp on the back of the canvas suggests that the portrait was painted at least 27 years after Jane Austen39。s society, but she attributes it to the authors themselves, who have alienated themselves from the reading public by using overly plex language. The reading, however, blames the lowering standards of the public for the declining interest in reading great works of literature. TPO 12： The reading passage suggests that three pieces of evidence provide support that a portrait recently missioned for sale by a member of Jane Austen39。s strong criticism of the public39。s prison cell, citing this as strong evidence that the account of his escape from the prison was indeed accurate. TPO 9： The lecturer points out several problems with the use of hydrogenbased fuelcell engines in support of her claim that substituting them for internalbustion engines is technologically unfeasible, environmentally unfriendly, and economically unviable. First, the lecturer states that it is impractical to replace internalbustion engines with fuelcell engines because using the latter requires hydrogen in a pure liquid form, which is technologically challenging to both obtain and store. However, the reading argues that because hydrogen can be extracted from many resources including water, fuel cell engines powered by this infinite source of energy is an extremely attractive alternative. Second, the lecturer refutes the claim in the reading that hydrogen cells are environmentally friendly. She argues that although engines that use hydrogen cells produce less pollution, the manufacturing of hydrogen cells generates large amounts of harmful byproducts due to the burning of fossil fuels in the purification process. Third, although the reading suggests that hydrogenbased engines are more fuelefficient and thus economically petitive than internalbustion engines, the professor argues that such an advantage is undermined by the fact that fuelcell engines are extremely expensive to manufacture because they require the addition of platinum, a very rare and expensive material. TPO 10： The lecturer and the reading passage suggest two peting theories, the predation theory vs. the pollution theory, to explain why the sea otter population is in rapid decline. The professor reasons that the absence of dead sea otters washed up the coast suggests that their decline is not caused by sea pollution but rather by sea predators who consume their bodies after Killing them. In contrast, the reading passage attributes the death of sea otters to pollution, citing evidence of increased sources of ocean contaminants which lead to greater vulnerability to infections. Furthermore, the lecturer argues that orcas are likely factors in the disappearance of sea otters, because the scarcity of whales, their usual prey, has left them with no other choice but to start hunting smaller mammals like the otters for food. The reading passage, on the other hand, Rules out this theory based on the orca39。s ecofriendly practices. The passage explains that it is not necessary for American wood panies to pursue ecocertification while the lecture provides several counterarguments to this view. First, the lecturer argues that the reading passage is too general in its statement that American consumers reject advertising pletely. He asserts that Americans do not trust advertising claims for a product only when these claims are made by the pany that sells the product. When a claim is made by an independent third party such as a wood certification pany, he posits, consumers respond very positively with strong acceptance of the certified product. The lecturer also refutes the second point in the reading that pricesensitive American consumers are likely to choose cheap wood products without certification. The professor contends that certified wood is only slightly (less than 5%) more expensive than uncertified wood, and therefore, he argues, consumers will tend to ign