【正文】 The role of context ? Limiting the range of possible interpretation ? Defining reference, ? Establishing and accumulating presuppositions, ? Detecting conversational implicature, Providing clues for doing inference ? Supporting the intended interpretation. The expanding context ? The expanding context: ? Illimitable features of context. ? Speaker, hearer and indicated objects are endowed with immense numbers of phyical and social properties, any one of which may be the property which is relevent to a particular municative act. ? The context analyst?s first embarrassment is richness. Spatial deictic expression here ? a. There?s another worn section which needs repair here. ? b. You?ve got a very nasty day here. ? c. It?s a really nasty day here. ? d. You have a paratively mild climate here. Temporal deictic expression now ? a. Clap altogether now. ? b. I think you should begin the next chapter now. ? c. Now I?m getting older I really do find policemen look younger. ? d. From the iron age till now, man has been making increasingly plex artefacts Social role of an individual It is possible for speakers, hearers to be regarded from the perspective of more than one role. ? I am not against MY FATHER, only against THE LABOR MINISTER. ? professor, father, son, brother, chess player, gardener, diarist. Principles to determine the context for interpretation Principle of local interpretation ? This principle instructs the hearer not to construct a context any larger than he needs to arrive at an interpretation. ? The baby cried. ? The mommy picked it up. The principle of local interpretation guide us to create a limited context in which the mommy is the mentioned baby?s mother and the expression it is used to refer to the previously mention baby. Moreover, the sequence of events will be understood as happening adjacently in time and situated adjacently in place. ? A man and woman sitting in the living …the man?s bored goes to the window looks out the window…and gets out + goes to a club + has a drink talks to the barman Principle of analogy ? Principle of analogy: constraining one?s interpretation by past similar experience. ? SQASHED INSECTS DON?T BITE MAD MENTAL RULE ? The bride and groom left early last night. ? He greeted the girl with a smile. For such utterances, we would like not to interpret two continuous cited sentences as describing an event sequence. ? The baby cried. ? The mommy picked it up. ? It is not the sequence of sentences which represents “coherent discourse”. Rather it is the reader, driven by the principles of analogy and local interpretation, who assumes that the second sequence describes a series of connected events and interprets linguistic cues(like babyit)under that assumption. ? The principles of analogy (things will tend to be as they were before) and local interpretation (if there is a change, assume it is minimal)form the basis of the assumption of coherence in our experience of life in general, hence in our experience of discourse as well. ?！币痪湓掃€未說完，寶玉、林黛玉二人心里有病，聽了這話，早把臉羞紅了。這叫 《 負(fù)荊請罪 》 。 the channel of munication, such as spoken/written, monologic/dialogic, puter mediated munication Cook, Guy (1994). Discourse and Literature. Oxford University Press(P2425) 1. cotext 2. Paralinguistic features 3. Other texts 4. The physical situation 5. The social and cultural situation 6. Interlocutors and their schemata(knowledge about other people’s knowledge) Claire Kramsch(1993:35) ? The cotext: Those linguistic elements that precede or follow and that ensure the text’s cohesion. ? Internal context: refers to the intention, assumptions, and presupposition of speakers and hearers, which ensure that their discourse is perceived as coherent and therefore makes sense for the participants. ? External context: situational context of the speech event. ? Interactional context: ? Context is created in interation partly on the basis of particular and individual choice by speaker at a local level and partly by those speakers being able to make inferences about each other on the basis of shared knowledge and assumptions about the world and about how to acplish things ineractionally. Eg. Turn tak