【正文】 on or prayer may be part of the larger event, a church service ? Key: which involves evaluation – was it a good sermon, a pathetic explanation, ect ? Purpose: what did the participants intend should e about as a result of the municative event Philosopher Lewis? description ? His interests lie, not with these general features of municative event, but with those particular coordinates which constitutes ?a package of relevant factors, an index?(1972:173) and which characterizes the context against which the truth of a sentence is to be judged. The coordinates of the index are as follows: ? Possibleworld coordinate:this is to account for states of affairs which might be, or could be supposed to be or are ? Time coordinate:to account for tensed sentense and adverbial like today or next week ? Place coordinate:to account for sentenses like here it is ? Speaker coordinate:to account for sentenses which include first person reference (I, me, we, our, ect) ? Audience coordinate:to account for sentences including you, yours, yourself, etc ? Indicated object coordinate: to account for sentences containing demonstrative phrases like this,those, ect ? Previous discourse coordinate:to account for sentences including phrases like the latter, the aforementioned, ect ? Assignment coordinate: an infinite series of things (sets of things, sequences of things…) In Stenning?s (1978) term ? Normal context: where the hearer is part of the context and then experiences the text ? Abnormal context: where the analyst reads the text and then has to try to provide the characteristics of the context in which the text might have occurred. ? SQASHED INSECTS DON?T BITE MAD MENTAL RULE ? Consider what, if any, difficulty you have in understanding them, in terms of the coordinates of Lewis39。encyclopaedic knowledge39。experience of previous similar text. Functional linguistic model(Systemic Functional Grammar) Contribution of Bronislaw Malinowski(馬利諾夫斯基） (Born in Krakow, Poland ,1884 1942 ) He did some ethnographic researches among some Melanesian tribes of Eastern New Guines. He arrived at he conclusion that “the meaning of any single word is to a very high degree dependent on its context” and an utterance has no meaning at all if it is out of the context of situation. Contribution of . Firth （弗斯 )(18901960） He approached the context of situation from a linguistic point of view and attempted to establish a descriptive framework for the analysis of language by the application of the context of situation. He held the position that all branches of linguistics are concerned with meaning, and the meaning of linguistic items depends on the context of situation. His main approach to developing a linguistic theory was by means of the concept of system. For Firth a system is simply a set of choices within a specific context. Any linguistic item has got two sets of contexts: the context of the other possible choices in a system and the context where the system itself occurs ? A. The relevant features of participants: persons, personalities ? 1. The verbal action of the participants ? 2. The nonverbal action of ? the participants. ? B. The relevant objects. ? C. The effect of the verbal action ? Contribution of （韓禮德） ? （韓禮德） (1925 ) is the founder of systemic functional linguistics. He made the London School of Linguistics one of the most petitive linguistic theories in the world. Three primary levels of linguistic events Substance: the material of language which can be phonic or graphic form: the anization of the substance into meaningful events context:. the relation of the form to nonlinguistic features of the situations in which language operates , and the relation of form to linguistic feature other than those of the item under attention Three dimensions of context ? Field: the ongoing social activity ? Tenor: the role relationship involved ? Mode: the symbolic anization of the text, rhetorical modes (persuasive, expository, etc)?！? 寶釵笑道：“ 原來這叫 《 負荊請罪 》 ！你們通今博古，才知道‘負荊請罪’，我們不知道什么是‘負