【正文】 文秋芳. 英語學(xué)習(xí)策略論. 上海: 上海外語教育出版社, ：8中文條目列在英文條目之后，跟英文條目一樣按音序排列。 Scott, Foresman and Company, 1985.Krashen, Stephen D. “Application of psycholinguistic research to the classroom.” Ed. Long, Michael H., and Jack C. Richards. Methodology in TESOL: Book of Reading. New York: Newbury House, 1987. ：8這是書中的一個章節(jié)或論文的條目。Hitchcock, Graham, and David Hughes. Research and the Teacher: A Qualitative Introduction to SchoolBased ：8這是有副書名的條目?！癈onvergent Thinking.” Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1996 ：8表示1996年版。第一個作者的姓和名要倒過來，第二個作者的姓和名不用倒過來。） It is a kind of mental activity considering different perspectives and discovering the underlying implicit relationships between the factors involved. In foreign language learning, when the learner wants to find out the relationship between forms and function of the target language, he or she will be engaged in discovering how a linguistic form can be used to perform different municative functions or how a municative function can be performed with different linguistic forms.Convergent thinking is an activity which resorts to “one’s abilities to assemble and organize information” and tries to reach “a defined goal in the achievement of an effective solution to a problem” by making use of “the ponents of one’s past and present experience in organizing or directing one’s response” (“Convergent Thinking”). In the case of using the target language, the learner may select the most appropriate linguistic means from his or her interlinguistic repertoire to perform a certain munication task such as organising his or her arguments in a challenging debate.Receptive studyProductive studyCritical studyCreative studyJunior 1 Junior 2Junior 3Senior 1Senior 2Senior 3College 1College 2Figure 1. The Everadvancing Integration of Different Types of Study頁：6插圖的標(biāo)題置于插圖的下面。)Components of a study planSuccessful learners (5)Unsuccessful learners (5)What55When42How51Why51Answer:Difference between themspecific/concrete/cleargeneral/abstract/vague Critical studyCritical study es from your analysis of what you have learned. Your analysis is essentially characterised by critical thinking. As elaborated by Wood, critical thinking does not mean to criticise or find fault. It means “to use a variety of mental activities to acquire greater understanding and insight” and “these mental activities include asking why, making parisons and contrasts, analyzing causes and effects, or looking for problems and solutions” (Wood 305). In a class of study skill training, the teacher presented the research findings as shown in Table 2 and then asked the students to use a pair of adjectives opposite in meaning to describe the major difference between the successful learners’ study plans and those of unsuccessful learners. It was difficult for the students to indicate the difference with antonymous adjectives. So the teacher had to give one adjective to elicit the other from the students. This shows the demanding nature of critical thinking. Creative studyCreative study leads you from the stage of receiving and using knowledge to the stage of discovering new knowledge by research started from critical thinking. It is characterised by creative thinking, a bination of divergent thinking and convergent thinking.According to Encyclopaedia Britannica, divergent thinking is “an activity that leads to new information, or previously undiscovered solutions, rather than to a predetermined, correct solution” (“Divergent Thinking”).頁：6百科全書條目的夾注：只要將百科全書的條目放入夾注中即可。（參見詞條的參考文獻(xiàn)條目。（注意：表格的標(biāo)題在表格的上面，而插圖的標(biāo)題在插圖的下面。 and 3) the clarification and interpretation of scientific findings and their synthesis into a conceptual framework (4). The implication of their remarks hints that reasoning not only directs but also constructs the development of human knowledge, including our knowledge of language and language learning and teaching. ResearchResearch can be defined from different perspectives. From the view of information processing, research refers to the process of obtaining and analysing information (Hitchcock and Hughes 5). Considering its design features, research “has been defined by Kerlinger as the systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena (Cohen and Manion 4).Cohen and Manion elaborate the three advantages of research in parison to experience and reasoning: First, research is systematic and controlled because its operations are based on reasoning whereas experience cannot be systematic and selfcorrecting because of its haphazard manner in dealing with a problem. Second, research is empirical because it resort