【正文】 s resistance to change, in a certain range automatically, without changing the level and torque than the transmission ratio, with Some slowdown Torsional by function. 2, Biansuchilun agencies The automatic transmission Biansuchilun institut。 29 附錄 2 Automatic transmission with easy and fortable to drive, motorists can reduce the fatigue of the advantages of modern cars has bee a kind of configuration development. Automatic transmission equipped vehicles according to road conditions change moment automatic transmission, the driver can concentrate on the road to monitor traffic and makeshift will not be confused. Automotive automatic transmission has three mon forms: They are sweet hydraulic automatic transmission (AT), mechanical stepless automatic transmission (CVT), electronically controlled automatic transmission machinery (AMT). At present, the widespread use of the car is AT, AT bee almost synonymous with automatic transmission. AT by hydraulic Torque, plaary gears and hydraulic control system, hydraulic and transmission gear bination approach to achieve the speed change moment. One hydraulic Torque AT is the most important ponents, which pumps round, and the turboround lead, and other ponents, both torque transmission and clutch. The automatic transmission gear In general, the automatic transmission into gear P, R, N, D, 2,1, or L, and so on. P (Parking): used for parking purposes, it is the use of mechanical locking device to the rotating part of the car so that the vehicle can not move. When the car need to stay in a fixed position for a longer period, or after leaving the vehicle to stop *, players should pull brake lever and promote the P position. It should be noted that: The vehicle must be pletely stopped before they can block the use of P, otherwise automatic 30 transmission will be part of the mechanical damage. In addition, automatic transmission cars [neutral start switch devices, motor vehicles can only be made in the P or N in order to start the engine block, and other gear in order to avoid misuse of the vehicle suddenly starts channeling ago. R (Reverse): reverse gear, the vehicle reversed. Usually allocated according to the insurance button on a post in order to lever will be moved to the r block. It should be noted that: when the vehicle has not yet es to a plete halt, must not be forced to r block, or transmission will be seriously damaged. N (Neutral): neutral. Lever will be placed in N gear, engine and transmission between the separation of power has been cut off. As a brief stopover can be placed lever and pull off the hand brake rod, the right foot can be removed from the brake pedal a little rest. D (Drive): forward gear, with road traffic in general. Since there are different models of the designs, D from a general ward off high block or 2 off high gear and as a result of changes in speed and load automatically shift. Lever will be placed in the D block, at the wheel speed to control the pace as long as the control pedal it. 2 (Second Gear): 1 block to block progress, but the only transmission in a block, block 2 between the change will not jump to block 3 and block 4. 2 will be placed on the gear lever, the car will be a starting block, when the rate increases will automatically switch to a block. 2 can be used to block the upper and lower slopes, the benefits of this section of the block wh en climbing or down ramp, the vehicle will maintain a stable block in 1 or 2 position block, will not load on the ramp or not the speed Balanced, nonstop to block transmission. Dropin slope, the use of lowspeed engine braking for the resistance and will not make the car more the faster the line. 1 (First Gear): 1 block progress is blocked, but the only transmission in 31 a block to work. Can not transform into other gear. Use it in a serious traffic congestion and a greater angle of the slope on the best to perform their functions. On the slopes or under the slope, they can make full use of the car39。它通過傳感器 和開關(guān)監(jiān)測汽車和發(fā)動機的運行狀態(tài)，接受駕駛員的指令，并將所獲得的信息轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號輸入到電控單元。這樣，工作液壓油進入相應(yīng)的執(zhí)行元件，使離合器結(jié)合或分離，制動器制動或松開，控制行星齒輪變速器的升擋或降擋，從而實現(xiàn)自動變速。 傳統(tǒng)的液力自動變速器根據(jù)汽車的行駛速度和節(jié)氣門開度的變化，自動變速擋位。駕駛員通過自動變速器的操縱手柄改變閥板內(nèi)的手動閥位置，控制系統(tǒng)根據(jù)手動閥的位置及節(jié)氣門開度、車速、控制開關(guān)的狀態(tài)等因素，利用液壓自動控制原理或電子自動控制原理，按照一定的規(guī)律控制齒輪變速器中的換擋執(zhí)行機構(gòu)的工作，實現(xiàn)自動換擋。 在液壓控制系統(tǒng)中，增設(shè)控制某些液壓油路的電磁閥，就成了電器控制的換擋控制系統(tǒng)，若這些電磁閥是由電子計算機控制的，則成為電子控制的換擋系統(tǒng)。 液壓控制系統(tǒng)是由閥體和各種控制閥及油路所組成的，閥門和油路設(shè)置在一個板塊內(nèi)，稱為閥體總成。 自動換擋控制系統(tǒng) 自動換擋控制系統(tǒng)能根據(jù)發(fā)動機的負(fù)荷（節(jié)氣門開度）和汽車的行駛速度，按照設(shè)定的換擋規(guī)律，自動地接通或切斷某些換擋離合器和制動器的供油油路，使離合器結(jié)合或分開、制動器制動或釋放，以改 變齒輪變速器的傳動化，從而實現(xiàn)自動換擋。在發(fā)動機運轉(zhuǎn)時，不論汽車是否行駛，油泵都在運轉(zhuǎn)，為自動變速器中的變矩器、換擋執(zhí)行機構(gòu)、自動換擋控制系統(tǒng)部分提供一定油壓的液壓油。 供油系統(tǒng) 自動 變速器的供油系統(tǒng)主要由油泵、油箱、濾清器、調(diào)壓閥及管道所組成。制動器的作用是將行星齒輪機構(gòu)中的某個元件抱住，使之不動。 換擋執(zhí)行機構(gòu)主要是用來改變行星齒輪中的主動元件或限制某個元件的運動，改變動力傳遞的方向和速比，主要由多片式離合器、制動器和單向超越離合器等組成。行星齒輪機構(gòu)是實現(xiàn)變速的機構(gòu)，速比的改變是通過以不同的元件作主動件和限制不同元件的運動而實現(xiàn)的。 變速齒輪機構(gòu)主要包括行星齒輪機構(gòu)和換檔執(zhí)行機構(gòu)兩部分。采用普通齒輪式的變速器，由于尺寸較大，最大傳動比較小，只有少數(shù)車型采用。它利用油液循環(huán)流動過程中動能的變化將發(fā)動機的動力傳遞自動變速器的輸入軸，并能根據(jù)汽車行駛阻力的變化，在一定范圍內(nèi)自動地、無級地改變傳動比和扭矩比，具有一定的減速增扭功能。上斜坡或下斜坡時，可充分利用汽車發(fā)動機的扭力。不能變換到其他擋位。在落斜坡時，利用發(fā)動機低轉(zhuǎn)速的阻力作制動，也不會令車子越行越快。將撥桿放置在 2 擋位，汽車會由 1擋起步，當(dāng)速度增加時會自動轉(zhuǎn) 1擋。將撥桿放置在 “D” 擋上，駕車者控制車速快慢只要控制好油門踏板就可以了。 D(Drive)：前進擋，用在一般道路行駛。將撥桿置于 “N” 擋上，發(fā)動機與變速器之間的動力已經(jīng)切斷分離。要注意的是：當(dāng)車輛尚未完全停定時，絕對不可以強行轉(zhuǎn)至 “r” 擋，否則變速器會受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p壞。 R(Reverse)：倒擋，車輛倒后之用。要注意的是：車輛一定要在完全停止時才可使用 P 擋，要不然自動變速器機械部分會受到損壞。 P(Parking)：用作停車之用，它是利用機械裝置去鎖緊汽車的轉(zhuǎn)動部分，使汽車不能移動。其中液力變扭器是 AT 最重要的部件，它由泵輪、渦輪和導(dǎo)輪等構(gòu)件組 成，兼有傳遞扭矩和離合的作用。目前轎車普遍使用的是 AT， AT 幾乎成為自動變速器的代名詞。裝有自動變速器的汽車能根據(jù)路面狀況自動變速變矩，駕駛者可以全神貫注地注視路面交通而不會被換擋搞得手忙腳亂。 席振鵬老師對我的論文研究工作提出了許多寶貴意見，在此向他們表示衷心的感謝！ 陳建國師兄、葛寅山師弟對論文的研