【正文】 All things are difficult before they are easy. 。 ? 論文作者對(duì)所引用的前人研究成果的態(tài)度也影響動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的選擇。 ? 文獻(xiàn)綜述中的引文表達(dá)可分為：信息突顯和作者突顯。 and finally, lead your readers to one ―star‖ in the ―galaxy‖. That ―star‖ is your specific topic. Information Elements in Introduction 1. setting 2. literature review 3. investigation needed 4. research purpose 5. value/findings/article structure IE 1: Setting General statement(s) about a field of research to provide the reader with a setting for the problem to be reported IE 2: Literature review More specific statements about the aspects of the problem already studied by other researchers IE 3: Investigation needed Statement(s) that indicate the need for more investigation IE 4: Research purpose Very specific statement(s) giving the purpose/objectives of the writer’s study IE 5: Value of study Optional statement(s) that give a value or justification for carrying out the study ? 一篇典型的論文引言通常包含五部分信息： （ 1）所涉及領(lǐng)域的研究概況； （ 2）已有研究的文獻(xiàn)綜述； （ 3）需進(jìn)一步研究的問題； （ 4）研究的目的； （ 5）研究的價(jià)值、意義或論文的結(jié)構(gòu)。 and to develop and enhance your skill at close reading and interpretation. ? A successful literary analysis should have a clearly stated purpose in analyzing the literary work that is, have a claim worth demonstrating or a point worth making. ? If you write a literary analysis as your graduation thesis, you should provide convincing evidence to support the claim. ? Your supporting evidence may e both from within the literary work itself and from outside readings and other people’s literary analysis. General approaches of literary analysis ? A literary analysis may take many forms, but most graduation theses generally follow the conventions of the research paper. The following approaches are suggested. ? You can interpret. Interpretation is the implication of what is going on or what is being said in a literary work. It goes beyond retelling the story. Interpretation may consist of working within the framework of the work itself intrinsic considerations in order to dig down into the core of meaning. Interpretation may also consist of extending outward extrinsic considerations in order to build upon suggestions the literary work contains. ? You can analyze. Analysis assumes that a literary work is anic, its parts working together to produce a total effect. It is a kind of internal dissection that permits the reader to e to some understanding about the work as whole. Very often the secret of understanding is being able to ask good questions. In writing about literature as graduation thesis, the studentcritic is expected develop and form his or her own standards of critical judgment. ? You can evaluate. Evaluation is more than saying ―I like it‖ or ―I don’t like it‖. It also includes what worth of a literary work is or what is lacking to make it valuable. Evaluations, therefore, extend over a range of possibilities from formal considerations to personal preferences. A literary work may have worth in its unique structure or arrangement of its parts, in plausibility of the action, in the creation of different characters, in stylistic effectiveness and in its themes. ? You can pare and contrast. To pare is to find similarities, to contrast is to find differences. The two words define different approaches, but they are generally used together to give a fuller view of a topic. You can pare and contrast two or more characters in one or more novels or short stories, themes, plots and structures, and other aspects of the writings. Comparison could be done within English literature or between English and Chinese literatures. ? It is not possible to provide a formula for writing a literary analysis since the variety of subjects and analytical approaches is enormous. ? However, you may find the following topics helpful. When you design your graduation thesis, please remember to limit yourself to one or two of these topics of analysis. ? Analysis of theme. ? Analysis of plot or structure. ? Analysis of setting. ? Analysis of language. Analysis of the Distortion of Heathcliff’s Humanity In Wuthering Heights ChapterⅠ . The Causes for Heathcliff’s Distortion A. Heathcliff’s Pe