【正文】 ” In fact, the word “refused ” is the passive participle. It is better to translate the word into “不準(zhǔn)” in Chinese. This example indicates that Chinese prefer subjective thinking encoding, emphasizing subjective feeling, but ignoring the objective reality. We can see that different thinking centers and misuse of voices have an influence on the correctness of translation. (劉曉棠，2009:60) The Pragmatic Rules and Cultural Interference of Mother TongueThere are differences at the levels of phonetics, grammar and phonology in Chinese and English. The Pragmatic Rules and Cultural Interference of Mother Tongue are two major origins of pragmatic failure. People acquire pragmatic rules and cultural knowledge at a young age, and internalize them gradually. These rules and knowledge have a great influence on their thinking patterns and codes of behavior. When they study English, these rules and knowledge will conflict and interfere with English. For instance, a foreigner says, “Thank you” to a Chinese for his help, while a Chinese reply, “It’s my duty to do so.” Obviously, the Chinese has been affected by his mother tongue. The foreigner may be surprised or even angry with this answer, because in his mother tongue and culture he expects to hear “It’s my pleasure” The Chinese don’t really disfavor the foreigner intentionally, but just want to show his modesty. However the foreigner doesn’t have the same cultural backgrounds with the Chinese. He may think that the Chinese does this for him with his responsibilities, or the Chinese may not help him. This is a kind of mon phenomenon of pragmatic failure in different races and cultures. Different ValuesChinese culture is collective, while western culture is individualistic. Among the differences between Chinese and western values, the most outstanding one is the attitude towards private life. In the west, individualistic orientation emphasizes on protection and respect of private life. Westerners have a strong sense of not allowing anyone to spy on, interfere or intrude their private life. But in China, people’s awareness of privacy is weak. It’s mon for Chinese to talk about age, salary, marriage and family life with someone they just acquainted. Those topics are extremely impolite in the western culture. When they are asked about these questions, they will refuse to answer angrily. Thus, the munication can’t keep on. Weak Context AwarenessThis is a major factor of causing pragmatic failure in crosscultural munication, especially for students in school. Students rarely have the opportunities to acquire English directly from concrete and social situations. So when they have learned some English expressions, they just apply those English expressions mechanically. They never consider that whether it is proper under such circumstances. For example, people can just say to the taxi driver “Railway station, please!” rather than “Excuse me, would you mind taking me to the railway station?” when they are really in a hurry. The reason why they say so is that the teacher told them that this sentence structure was suitable to ask someone’s help. So people think no matter what the situation is, they can use this sentence structure to ask for help and information.(陳宗倫，2002:105) Different Nonverbal BehaviorsNonverbal behaviors, such as facial expression, gesture, voice and the distance between the talkers, can express the ideas that language can’t express. Many travelers don’t understand the strangers’ nonverbal behaviors, so they often have difficulties in the munication. For instance, the gesture of “OK” is widely used in America, but it is a very dirty behavior in Brazil. In most cultures, nodding head means agreement or “YES”, while shaking head means disagreement or “NO” But for Greeks, shaking heads means disagreement. Different cultures have different understandings on body distance. Arabs prefer close body contact. They often embrace each other and touch each other’s nose when they meet. But Japanese appear extremely formal when they meet. If an Arab meets a Japanese for the first time and both don’t understand each other’s culture, that’s really an embarrassment. （張志龍，2010:98）4. Tactics to Avoid Pragmatic Failure and Develop Communicative Competence in Crosscultural CommunicationCrosscultural munication itself has its own universality and plexity, and even contains a certain degree of uncertainty. Therefore, we will study the tactics to avoid pragmatic failure and to develop crosscultural municative petence from many aspects. Tactics to Avoid Pragmatic Failure Improvement of pragmatic petence Namely, pragmatic petence is the abilities to use language to conduct successful munication. As an indi。)” The westerners often feel surprised for Chinese guests abrupt leave in this way. But for westerners, the guests often express the reasons which are concerned with themselves when they leave, such as “Well, I am really enjoying talking with you, but I must be going soon, for I’ve to get up early tomorrow.”, or “Thank you for such a wonderful dinner. I had a very enjoyable time with you, but I have to go.” In the Chinese customs, the host often says “Walk slowly. Wele you next time.” (慢點(diǎn)兒走，歡迎下次來。)(王立英，傅曉曦，2009：81) In China, when people get the pliment from others, they often use a negative answer to show his modesty. They say, “過獎(jiǎng)了” , “哪里哪里”,and “不敢當(dāng)”, etc. If Chinese people translate these negative answers into English during the munication with the westerners, such as “You have overpraised me.”, “No, no.”, “I don’t deserve this you flattering me.”, or “There is still a lot for me to do.” These negative answers may interrupt the normal munication.On the contrary, in the western countries, people are often willing to accept the pliment and thank the people who praise him or her. They say, “Thank you for your pliment.” FarewellFarewell often occurs when the munication ends. Although there are similar expressions in English and C