【正文】 and the sound /shu:/ is signifier, the relationship among them is arbitrary. T5. The sentence “ If the weather is nice, we’ll go out.” is settled at the base paradigmatic relation. F6. Sassure proposed the linguistic study considered in itself. TThe only true object of study in linguistics is the language, considered in itself and for its own sake. 語言和為語言而研究的語言7. Rheme contributes much more great than theme. F8. IC analysis is used to analyze the semantic feature of the sentence. F9. The Ultimate Constituents of IC analysis is morpheme. T10. “He seemed angry.” Is the construction of exocentric construction. T11. “The house is behind this building. ” is endocentric. F. 12. “He came back very late last night.” The underlying structure is endocentric one. T13. To analyse the sentences with IC analysis. 14. When we mention about “phonetic ” and “l(fā)exicon ponents”, they belong to deep structure category. F15. The abstract meaning and ambiguity of the sentence can be analyzed be deep structure. T 16. Systemic – functional grammar wanted to link the function with structure of the language. By synchrony we mean to study language change and development. FThe openclass words include prepositions. F“The boy smiled” has an exocentric structure. TThe IC Analysis is not able to analyse split verbs like “do sb. in”. TLangue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language. F 名詞解釋:1．Linguistics:2. Duality: 3. Arbitrariness: 4. Syntax: 5. Displacement: 6. connotation: 7. denotation: 8. paradigmatic relation9. Speech act theory Short answer questions:Questions：：What’s the importance of studying syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationship in syntax.What the difference between synchronic and diachronic linguistics?What is the difference between phonetics and phonology?What are Allophones if the same phoneme? Illustrate them with examples.What’s the difference and relation of “Signifier” and “Signified”? 6. What is context? Explain how context helps people understand language in cases of polysemy and ambiguity? 。11. IC analysis: to analyze the relation between sentence and its ponent elements. 12. endocentric and exocentric constructions 向心，離心1．Which serves a centre or head. AP, NP,VP2. no definable centre or head. PP,V+O ,be + A. 無中心13. deep structure and surface structure 1. underlying level of structural relation 潛藏在人們意識中的結構2. closed to people produced and 14. 1. When we say that we can change the second word in the sentence “He is waiting outside” with another word or phrase. We are taking about ____inside the sentence. A. Syntactic relations B. paradigmatic relations B C. Linear relations D. Government2. The part of the grammar that represents a speaker’s knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called______ .Lexicon B. morphologyC. Syntax D. semantics C3. What does ‘IC’ stands for as a syntactic notion and analytical technique ? A. inferential Connective B. inflectional Component C. Immediate Constituent c D. Implicative Communication4. If we are to use the technique of IC analysis to analyze the sentence “She broke the window with a stone yesterday”, where is the first cut? Draw a tree diagram of this sentence. A. between stone and yesterday B. between she and broke B C. between broke and the window D. between window and with5. ____ is the defining properties of units like noun (number, gender, case) and verb (tense, aspect, etc.). A. parts of speech B. Word classes C. Grammatical categories C D. Functions of words 6. Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English ? A. gender B. number C. case D. voice D7. ____ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain categories. A. Concord B. Immediate constituent C. Syntagmatic relations D. Government D8. ____ proposed to define sentence as the maximum free form. A. Bloomfield B. Chomsky A C. Halliday D. Sussure 9. The phrase “boys and girls ” is a(n) _____.A. subordinate endocentric constructionB. coordinate endocentric construction BC. subordinate exocentric constructionD. coordinate exocentric construction10. Chomsky holds that the major task of linguistics is to _____.A. study real ‘facts’ in daily settingsB. tell people how to speak appropriatelyC. tell people what is right in language useD. Look for ‘the universal grammar’ D11. What is the full form of LAD ?Language associative districtLanguage acquisition device BLinguistic acquisition districtLanguage associative device12. A speaker’s actual utterance in Chomsky’s terminology is called _____. A. deep structure B. linguistic universals C. universal grammar D. surface structure D13. Chomsky studies language from a psychological point of view, holding that language is a form of ____。p]10. Which is a unaspirate? A. sky B. kill C. like D. kite2. Semantics 練習1. _______ is not included in Leech’s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaning B. Social meaningC. Collocative meaning D. Thematic meaning D2. Among Leech’s seven types of meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it refers to _______. A. conceptual B. affective C. reflected D. thematic A3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ______. A. meaning B. reference C. concept D. sense C4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of ______ opposites. A. plementary B. gradable