【正文】 ② Rationalism was believed to be able to discover the best principles of human conduct and the universal principles of natural laws. French classicism was fond fo using classical forms, classical themes and values.
。 Parliament was responsible for all the law making. ② The king should levy no money except by grant of Parliament. ③ The king should not keep a standing army in time of peace without consent of Parliament。 each pla moves more rapidly when near the sun than farther from it。 Bible was the supreme authority and man was only bound to the law of the word of God, not the word of the clergy。 Division One Greek Culture and Roman Culture 1. Iliad（《伊利亞特》） : 1) It is one of the two great ancient Greek epics by Homer. 2) It deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy probably in the period 12001100 B. C. 3) The heroes are Hector on the Trojan side and Achilles and Odysseus on the Greek. 4) In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the Greeks. 2． Herodotus（希羅多德） : 1) He is one of great ancient Greek historians. 2) He is often called ― Father of History. 3) He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. 4) His history, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully ) His object in writing was ― that the great and wonderful deeds done by Greeks and Persians should not lack renown.‖ 3． Socrates: 1) He was the philosopher of ancient Greece in the 5th and 4th century. 2) He was considered one of the three greatest names in European philosophy. 3) He hold that philosophy took the aim to reach the conclusion of oneself and virtue was knowledge. 4) His thoughts were recorded in Dialogues by Plato. 5) He devised the dialectical method. 4. Dialectical method（辯證法） : 1) It was devised by ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. 2) It is a method of argument, by questions and answers. 5. Plato: 1) He was the greatest philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. 2) His Dialogues are important not only as philosophical writing but also as imaginative literature. Of the Dialogues he wrote, 27 have survived, including: the Apology, Symposium and the Republic. 3) Plato built up a prehensive system of philosophy. 4) His philosophy is called idealism. 6. Diogenes（狄奧艮尼）（北京市 2020 年自考真題名詞解釋） : He was one of the Cynic’s leaders in ancient Greece, who decided to live like a dog. 2) The word ―cynic‖ means ―dog‖ in Greek. 3) He rejected all conventions, advocated selfsufficiency and extreme simplicity in life. 7． Stoics（斯多 咯派） : 1) It was one of four ancient Greek schools of philosophers in the 4th century B. C. 2) To them , the most important thing in life was ―duty‖. 3) It developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. 4) The chief Stoic was Zeno. 8． Doric Style（陶立克柱） : 1) It is one of three ancient Greek architecture styles. 2) It is also called the masculine style. 3) It is sturdy, powerful, severelooking and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers. 4) The Doric style. is monotonous and unadorned. 9． Pax Romana（羅馬和平）（北京市 2020 年自考真題名詞解釋） : 1） In the year 27 . Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the tile of Augustus. 2) Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. 3) The emperors mainly relied on a strong armythe famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. 4) Thus the Roman enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is know as Pax Romana. 10. Virgil（維 吉爾） : 1) He was the greatest of Latin poets. 2) He wrote the great epic, the Aeneid. 3) The poem opened out to the future, for Aeneas stood at the head of a rce of people who were to found the first the Roman republic and then the Roman Empire. Division Two The Bible and Christianity 1. The Bible: 1) The Bible is a collection of religious writings prising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The former is about God and the laws of God。 the latter, the doctrine of Jesus Christ. 2. The Old Testament: 1)The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. 3)The word ―Testament‖ means ―agreement‖, the agreement between God and Man. 3. The New Testament: 1) The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. 2) The New Testament is about the doctrine (教義 ) of Jesus Christ. 3)The word ―Testament‖ means ―agreement‖, the agreement between God and Man. 4. Pentateuch（摩西五經(jīng)） : 1) In the Old Testament, the oldest and most important are the first five books, called ) Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis (創(chuàng)世記 ), Exodus (出埃及記 ), Leviticus(利未記 ), Numbers (民數(shù)記 ), Deuteronomy (申命記 ). 5． Genesis： 1） Genesis is the first one of the five books in Pentateuch in Old Testament. 2) It tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph. 6. Exodus: 1) Exodus is the second one of the five books in Pentateuch in the Old Testament. 2) It tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt Led by Moses. 3) During the period they began to receive God’s Law. 7. Noah’s Ark（挪亞方舟） : 1) For many hundred years after Adam and Eve were driven out of Eden, the family of man multiplied and spread over the earth, but they became more and more corrupt 2) Thus God decided to destroy all life on earth in a great flood. 3) Because Noah always kept his faith in God, God spoke to him about His intention and told him to build an ark to protect him and his kin from the waters. 4) .Noah followed God’s instructions. 5) For 40 days it rained, the wh