【正文】 整理分享 。5.　According to Austin ,there are two types of sentences: those sentences that are used to do things and those that are used to describe things . The former is　performatives ,which can not be true or false ,while the latter ，句子有兩種，一種用來陳述一種事實，一種用來描述一種情況。3.　The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in context while traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from the context of use .語用學和傳統(tǒng)語義學的基本區(qū)別在于語用學在語境中研究意義而傳統(tǒng)語義學在意義研究時不考慮語境。第八章語用學填空題或選擇題1.　According to Austin ,the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance are locutionary act ,illocutionary act and perlocutionary act . 根據(jù)奧斯汀，一個人在發(fā)出話語的時候常會有三種行為：言內行為，言外行為和言后行為。14. A word is polysemic if it has more than one meaning .如果一個單詞有不止一個意義它就是多義的。12. Semantic ambiguity can be divided into two types :lexical ambiguity（詞匯歧義） and structural ambiguity （結構歧義）.　語義歧義可以分成兩種：詞匯歧義和結構歧義。10. The meaning of gradable pairs of antonyms is characterized by relativity .可分等級的反義詞的意義特征是相對性。9. When a pair of words are opposite in meaning ., they are antonyms .The relationship between them is called 　antonymy. 當一對單詞意思相反，它們就是反義詞。8. The words that sound different but have the same or nearly the same meaning are called synonyms. The relationship between these words is called 。7. The relationship between the term on the higher level and terms on one level below is said to be hyponymy .It is a kind of relationship between higher term /general term/superordinate and lower term /specific term /subordinate .高層次術語和低一層次術語之間的關系就是上下義關系。5. Lexical semantics（詞匯語義學） is concerned with word /lexical meaning .詞匯語義學與單詞意義有關。3. The　connotation of a linguistic form has to do with its overtones of meaning ,that is , what the linguistic form suggests . 一種語言形式的隱涵意義與言外之意有關，也就是語言形式所暗示的意義。第七章語義學填空題或選擇題1. Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning :the meaning of words ,phrases and ，包括單詞意義，短語意義和句子意義。(2010年1月考題)25. Some transformational rules are obligatory and many are optional .The obligatory Trules have to be applied if we want to obtain wellformed sentences.　一些轉換規(guī)則是強制性的，但是大多數(shù)是選擇性的，如果我們要獲得構造很好的句子，就必須使用強制性的轉換規(guī)則。 adding a new element to the phrase marker 。23. To generate the deep structure of an English sentence, we always start with the rule :S NP AUX VP.，為了構造一個英語句子的深層結構，我們總是以規(guī)則　　　　　　　　開始。 the other verbs are helping verbs .　在動詞短語中的動詞是主要動詞，其它的動詞都是助動詞。它們與動詞是分開的，是輔助短語的一部分。20. In the deep structure ,verbs always take the base form. That is to say ,at the level of deep structure ,the inflectional endings do not occur together with the verbs .They are separated from the verbs and are part of a auxiliary ，動詞總是基本的形式。18. A deep structure is abstract and gives the meaning of a sentence .　深層結構是抽象的，是解釋句子意義的。16. A deep structure corresponds most closely to the meaningful grouping of 。(2010年1月考題)14. Deep structures are generated by　PS rules ,and surface structures are derived from their deep structures by T rules .　深層結構是由短語結構規(guī)則構成的，而表層結構通過轉換規(guī)則從深層結構而來的。12. TG Grammar （轉換生成語法）claims that the static study of sentences is only concerned with one level of structure , , surface structure ,but the dynamic study of sentences deals with two levels of structure :both surface structure and deep structure .　轉換生成語法強調句子的靜態(tài)研究只涉及一種結構層次即表層結構，但是句子的動態(tài)研究涉及兩種結構層次，即表層結構和深層結構。(2010年1月考題)10. The same phrase or sentence may have two or more interpretation depending on the hierarchical arrangement of its constituents .Such a case is called structural ambiguity.（結構歧義） 同一個短語或者句子可能有兩種或者更多的解釋，這取決于短語或句子成分的層次安排，這種例子被稱為結構歧義。the forms at the wordlevel and the phraselevel are the constituents of the sentence 。 phrase level which is in between . 在一個句子層次結構圖中，有三種明顯的層次或者等級，最高的句子層次，最低的單詞層次和處于中間的短語層次。8. In a hierarchical structure diagram of a sentence ,there are three distinct levels or hierarchies : sentence level which is the highest 。非詞匯范疇，比如句子、名詞短語和動詞短語。(2010年1月考題)6. Syntactic categories can be further divided into two groups : lexical category（詞匯范疇） ,such as Noun and Verb 。4. The substitutional /paradigmatic relation is a kind of relation between linguistic forms in a sentence and linguistic forms outside the sentence . 替代關系或者縱聚合關系是句子中語言形式和句子外語言形式之間的一種關系。（2009年10月考題）2. Syntax is a science that is concerned with how words are bined to form phrases and how phrases are bined by rules to form sentences. 句法學指的是研究單詞是如何構成短語以及短語是如何通過規(guī)則組合形成句子的。 dynamically , we examine the process by which sentences are generated by syntactic rules.　句子可以用兩種方式研究：靜態(tài)而言，我們作出句子的結構描述來表明句子的部分和它們之