【正文】 能干的人，不在情緒上計(jì)較，只在做事上認(rèn)真；無(wú)能的人！不在做事上認(rèn)真，只在情緒上計(jì)較。什么是奮斗？奮斗就是每天很難，可一年一年卻越來(lái)越容易。 such things can happen to any of us, etc. unfortunately(不幸的是), the America was unaware(沒(méi)意識(shí)到) of this. He thought they were laughing at him, which made him feel more embarrassed and angry, for in his culture laughing on such an occasion would be interpreted(被理解為) as an insulting(侮辱的) response, humiliating(羞辱) and negative(消極). Case 37 What isThe . salesman(推銷(xiāo)員) in this case was acting according to ideas about dress that seemed appropriate(適當(dāng)?shù)? to him in his culture. He may have considered the informality of his dress as signaling(暗號(hào)) a willingness(自愿的) to put aside rigid rules(死板的規(guī)定) of behavior and be friendly. He may have been cold and enjoyed the warmth of a large sweater(線衣). He may have spent the previous(先前的) 20 hours on plane and, without a chance to change his clothes, may have gone straight to the trade show(貿(mào)易展覽), because to him, being there was more important than being dressed a certain way. But in the Japanese culture, this kind of dress is considered very inappropriate(不適當(dāng)?shù)? for such a formal business occasions. Case 38 The marketingIn a country where there are very strict cultural taboos(文化禁忌) on nudity(裸體), such packaging(包裝) would be considered a form of obscenity(猥褻). The . firm had to pay a high price for not understanding the culture of their customers.Religion plays an important role in influencing(影響) customs, people’s attitudes towards life, what and how to buy and so on. More seriously, people may even refuse(拒絕) to buy certain products or services for religious reasons. So it’s no wonder that a mon and wellreceived culture in one culture may meet its waterloo(慘敗) in another culture. In Saudi Arabia(沙特阿拉伯), the Muslim faith(穆斯林) plays a significant(重要) role in people’s lives. This case demonstrates(展示) to us that moral standards(道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)) vary(不同) from country to country. Thus when doing international trade, one should never take his own religion and moral standards for granted(假定) but should always bear(懷有) those differences in mind. Case 39 In internationalIn this case, what is at issue(爭(zhēng)論) is the correct translation of terms(條款), as well as the accepted use of terms in the chicken trade. The meaning of chicken in Swiss culture is different from that in America. In this case, the failure(失誤) was caused by the misunderstanding of the different meanings of chicken in each other’s culture. In Swiss, chicken has a specific meaning, while in America this term is used for any type of chicken.As the case went to trial(試驗(yàn)) in the ., it was judged according to the American culture, which seems unfair. However, unawareness(沒(méi)意識(shí)到) of these cultural differences will definitely(肯定) result in problems in intercultural munication(跨文化交際). 寧可累死在路上，也不能閑死在家里！寧可去碰壁，也不能面壁。 it is just like a handshake in China, but warmer and more enthusiastic(熱情). Women tend to hug each other more than men hug women, but both are mon. One’s disfort(不適) at hugging in such situations may be interpreted(被理解為) by Latin American people as unfriendliness(不友善). Case 27 The otherAs with smiling, laughing does not always serve the same function in different cultures. Interestingly, for us Chinese, laughing often has a special function during tense(緊張) social occasions. People may laugh to release the tension or embarrassment, to express their concern(關(guān)懷) for you, their intention(意圖) to put you at ease or to help you shrug off(擺脫) the embarrassment. In this case, the people there actually(實(shí)際上) wished to laugh with the American rather than at him. Their laughing seemed to convey(傳達(dá)) a number of messages: don’t take it so seriously。 they often ask for the person they want without identifying themselves or conversing with the answer, even when that person is known to them。他們待得越久，這個(gè)新的國(guó)家就越神秘。當(dāng)美國(guó)旅游者作出一個(gè)求助的姿勢(shì)時(shí)可能會(huì)被拒絕，當(dāng)他們盡力想表現(xiàn)的友好時(shí)卻什么也沒(méi)發(fā)生。但是過(guò)后不久他們就可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)熟悉的外表之下隱藏著巨大的差異。但是與那些要經(jīng)歷在新國(guó)度的旅游者來(lái)說(shuō)，那些遇見(jiàn)不熟悉的人和環(huán)境只是些小事。當(dāng)遇見(jiàn)陌生人時(shí)，我們經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)覺(jué)交流，其實(shí)是很自然的如同我們呼吸一樣，也會(huì)很困難和復(fù)雜。他們的問(wèn)題并不是心里上的而是文化上的?？墒钱?dāng)他的妻子煩躁不安時(shí)，他的丈夫的反應(yīng)是完全的離開(kāi)然后把妻子一人留在家中。呵呵。當(dāng)丈夫工作下班回家時(shí)，渾身疲憊，他迫切想要寧?kù)o。丈夫來(lái)自新英格蘭并且是由一對(duì)含蓄矜持的夫婦養(yǎng)大的，他的父母教育他要控制自己的情感并且尊重他人的隱私。不論何時(shí)在人與人之間都會(huì)存在很大的文化差異，言行舉止和價(jià)值期望之間的差異一定會(huì)導(dǎo)致問(wèn)題的產(chǎn)生。許多美國(guó)女士在法國(guó)和意大利旅游時(shí)都很尷尬，是因?yàn)樵谄渖械牡谝淮斡心惺窟@樣看他們。但是他可能不是不禮貌或者想挑戰(zhàn)那個(gè)妻子的丈夫。當(dāng)那些人用不熟悉的方式看著美國(guó)人時(shí)，大多數(shù)的美國(guó)人會(huì)自覺(jué)的把臉轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)去。不僅是男人和女人使用的眼神不同，而且在班級(jí)之間，代與代之間，地區(qū)間，種族間以及民族文化之間也各不相同。在所有的談話中，聽(tīng)眾都是一直在積極或者消極的支持著說(shuō)話者，聽(tīng)眾甚至可能指引著談話通過(guò)微笑或者皺眉再或者通過(guò)一個(gè)手勢(shì)語(yǔ)宣布談話結(jié)束。聽(tīng)和說(shuō)是如此的錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜以至于一方要通過(guò)另一方來(lái)開(kāi)展工作。聽(tīng)的一方越坐立不安，說(shuō)話的人越能意識(shí)到自己已經(jīng)喪失了觀眾。為了顯示禮貌或著確認(rèn)，他會(huì)微笑，如果他對(duì)說(shuō)話人的話持有異議，他會(huì)通過(guò)皺眉和撅嘴來(lái)顯示他的懷疑。當(dāng)你觀察一個(gè)人談話時(shí)，你會(huì)注意到那個(gè)人會(huì)通過(guò)點(diǎn)頭或者發(fā)出嗯的聲音來(lái)顯示他在聽(tīng)別人講話。但是我們可以很快的判斷出與我們所說(shuō)話的那個(gè)人是不是在聽(tīng)并且我們?cè)诼?tīng)別人講話的這項(xiàng)禮節(jié)中對(duì)任何的破壞都會(huì)很敏感。這通常是由于這個(gè)人的話語(yǔ)和其言行舉止缺乏一致性而使我們產(chǎn)生憂慮和不舒服。無(wú)聲交流體系相對(duì)于有意識(shí)的欺詐課程要少的多，并且有意識(shí)的欺詐通常發(fā)生在有聲交流體系中。相反，我們創(chuàng)造出了這么多種微妙的表達(dá)我們感情的方式既可以給彼此留下顏面又可以避免正面沖突。我們更熱衷于尋找其他的方式來(lái)表達(dá)我們的感覺(jué)，尤其是在戀愛(ài)期間這種表達(dá)方式更為恰當(dāng)。這些語(yǔ)言包括你的姿勢(shì)姿態(tài)，手勢(shì)，面部表情，穿著打扮，你走路的方式，甚至你對(duì)待時(shí)間和空間以及物質(zhì)材料的方式。貫穿人類(lèi)大部分歷史的唯一通用語(yǔ)言就是你學(xué)會(huì)的第一種交流方式。無(wú)聲的拉丁語(yǔ)言和英語(yǔ)文化比有聲語(yǔ)言更難以理解和掌握。當(dāng)杰克和色拉交談時(shí)，杰克以拉丁人的方式緊密的靠向色拉。杰克和色拉正在同一個(gè)聚會(huì)上，并且這個(gè)聚會(huì)對(duì)于他們建立相互之間的真誠(chéng)友誼是非常重要的。他們之間的談話完全是一些無(wú)關(guān)緊要的瑣事，然而查理卻用懷疑的眼光怒目而視他們。哈利由于來(lái)晚了，這樣已經(jīng)無(wú)意識(shí)的傳達(dá)出了這樣兩條信息 一是這個(gè)約會(huì)對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)并不是很重要，二是樂(lè)評(píng)是一個(gè)不需要尊重的人。哈利在十一點(diǎn)要和樂(lè)評(píng)有一個(gè)約會(huì)。正當(dāng)他品嘗著丹麥酥皮餅時(shí)，一個(gè)胖胖的男人來(lái)到了他鄰近的凳子邊。體態(tài)語(yǔ)言鮑勃早上八點(diǎn)十五離開(kāi)了公寓，然后在街角的一個(gè)雜貨店吃了早餐。廣泛復(fù)雜的用語(yǔ)其在英語(yǔ)和日語(yǔ)中意思的背離可能會(huì)充滿整本書(shū)。TY解釋道這些是主人公生來(lái)就有的權(quán)利。S包含了兩種中國(guó)品質(zhì)，SO意思是祖先，KOKU意思是祖國(guó)。這種觀念后來(lái)在美國(guó)一度成了把這部小說(shuō)拍攝成電視劇后沒(méi)能上電視的原因之一。這個(gè)標(biāo)題暗含了這個(gè)混血種人有兩份忠誠(chéng)，一個(gè)是對(duì)美國(guó)一個(gè)是對(duì)日本。這篇小說(shuō)的中心集中在了他在兩種語(yǔ)言文化上所出的困境。這是一篇長(zhǎng)片記敘小說(shuō)，他描述了一個(gè)由日本和美國(guó)人組合的