【正文】 。他說研究的最終目的是“削弱”造成種族偏見的“傳統(tǒng)的種族觀念”。CavalliSforza stresses that his mission is not just scientific but social as well. The study39。醫(yī)學界希望能用人類脫氧核糖核酸（DNA）制成特別的蛋白質(zhì)，這些蛋白質(zhì)可能具有某種抗病藥物的價值?！比藗冋J為所有的歐洲人都是混合人種，有65%的亞洲人基因，35%的非洲人基因。他們的語言起源不明，也無法被歸入任何標準的類別。s early humans, leads CavalliSforza to the following conclusion: The Basques are extremely likely to be the most direct relatives of the CroMagnon people, among the first modern humans in Europe. All Europeans are thought to be a mixed population, with 65% Asian and 35% African genes. 法國和西班牙的巴斯克人是人類家譜圖上歐洲人分支的最特殊的成員。圖譜上顯示的遺傳軌跡表明這一混血人種的發(fā)源地可能在埃塞俄比亞或中東地區(qū)。然而他們的基因卻表明情況并非如此。很多科學家認為科伊桑人是一個獨立的非常古老的人種。The genetic maps also shed new light on the origins of populations that have long puzzled scientists. Example: the Khoisan people of southern Africa. Many scientists consider the Khoisan a distinct race of very ancient origin. The unique character of the clicking sounds in their language has persuaded some researchers that the Khoisan people are directly descended from the most primitive human ancestors. But their genes beg to differ. They show that the Khoisan may be a very ancient mix of west Asians and black Africans. A genetic trail visible on the maps shows that the breeding ground for this mixed population probably lies in Ethiopia or the Middle East. 這一基因分布圖譜對長期以來困繞著科學家的人種起源問題也做出了新的解釋。結(jié)合對遠古人骨的研究，這一圖譜證實了非洲是人類的誕生地，因而也是人類遷徙的始發(fā)地。在所有人種中，澳洲人與非洲人的關系最遠，而與其鄰居東南亞人非常接近。因為澳洲土著和非洲黑人之間有一些共同的外表特征，如膚色、體型等，所以被普遍認為有密切的親緣關系。great genetic distance between presentday Africans and nonAfricans, indicate that the split from the African branch is the oldest on the human family tree. 盡管有困難，科學家們還是取得了一些引人注目的發(fā)現(xiàn)。Because Australia39。s cover: a color map of the world39。’那個人是擔心我們可能用這些血來施魔法。有一次在非洲農(nóng)村，正當卡瓦里?斯福爾扎要從兒童身上采血時，一個憤怒的村民手執(zhí)斧頭出現(xiàn)在他面前。ll take yours.’ He was worried that we might want to do some magic with the blood. 收集血樣，特別是到偏遠地區(qū)的古老人群中收集血樣，并非總是易事。Collecting blood, particularly from ancient populations in remote areas, was not always easy。為了確保種群的“純正”，這項研究將對象限定于自1492年起，即歐洲最初的大規(guī)模遷徙之前就一直居住在現(xiàn)生活區(qū)域的那些群體。s genetic makeup. Using data collected by scientists over decades, the authors assembled profiles of hundreds of thousands of individuals from almost 2,000 groups. And to ensure the populations were pure, the study was confined to groups that were in their present locations as of 1492, before the first major movements from Europe began — in effect, a genetic photo of the world when Columbus sailed for America. 他們在人類血液中找到了繪制這一家譜所需的信息：不同的蛋白質(zhì)就是顯示一個人的基因構(gòu)成的標志。他們的研究結(jié)果相當于一份全球家譜。此書的一大特點是提供了500多幅圖，顯示了相同的遺傳基因所處的區(qū)域，這很像其他地圖上用同樣的顏色標示同樣海拔高度的地區(qū)。The book, however, is much more than an argument against the latest racially biased theory. The prime mover behind the project, Luca CavalliSforza, a Stanford professor, labored with his colleagues for 16 years to create nothing less than the first genetic map of the world. The book features more than 500 maps that show areas of genetic similarity — much as places of equal altitude are shown by the same color on other maps. By measuring how closely current populations are related, the authors trace the routes by which early humans migrated around the earth. Result: the closest thing we have to a global family tree. 然而，此書還不僅僅是對目前的種族偏見理論的反駁。個體之間的差異遠遠大于群體之間的差異。s firm conclusion: once the genes for surface features such as skin color and height are discounted, the races are remarkably alike under the skin. The variation among individuals is muchgreater than the differences among groups. In fact, there is no scientific basis for theories pushing the genetic superiority of any one population over another. 《人類基因的歷史與地理分布》盡管不是嚴格意義上的暢銷書，卻是一本匯集了50多年人類遺傳學方面研究成果的好書。然而，如今做海外銷售的商人們常常難以做到既確保自己的商業(yè)利益，又無愧于道德良心。s businessman, selling in overseas markets, will frequently meet situations where it is difficult to square his business interests with his moral conscience. 在一家知名英國報紙上，最近有位作者指出“企業(yè)已陷入賄賂網(wǎng)”，人人都“貪贓枉法”。In a wellknown British newspaper, a writer argued recently that industry is caught in a web of bribery and that everyone is on the take。而法國代表認為制定和實施法律是政府的事。 the job of a business munity like the ICC is to say what is right and wrong