【正文】 Early tests indicate that a vaccine helps patient。 Researchers in different studies have found that children and women who tend to get UTIs repeatedly are likely to lack proteins called immunoglobulins, which fight ，反復得尿路感染的婦女和兒童往往缺乏能對抗感染的一種蛋白質(zhì)，即免疫球蛋白。眾所周知，Smoking is the major known cause of bladder 。治療期間，最好不喝咖啡﹑酒﹑忌辛辣食物。 A heating pad may also 。In such cases, kidney infections rarely lead to kidney damage or kidney failure unless they go ，腎臟感染很少導致腎損害或腎功能衰竭，除非未經(jīng)任何治療。Kidney infections generally require several weeks of antibiotic 。療程完整很重要，因為癥狀可能會在感染完全清除之前消失。Longer treatment is also needed by patients with infections caused by Mycoplasma or Chlamydia , which are usually treated with tetracycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ), or doxycyclin由支原體、衣原體感染的患者需要更長時間的治療，常用藥物是四環(huán)素、甲氧芐啶/磺胺甲基異惡唑（TMP/SMZ）或強力霉素。Still, many doctors ask their patients to take antibiotics for a week or two to ensure that the infection has been ，許多醫(yī)生要求病人服用抗生素一至兩周時間，以確保治愈。 A class of drugs called quinolones includes four drugs approved in recent years for treating ，即四種在近年來獲得批準用于治療尿路感染藥物是它們是氧氟沙星（ floxin ）、諾氟沙星（ noroxin ）、環(huán)丙沙星（ cipro ）和曲伐沙星（ trovan ）。 The sensitivity test is especially useful in helping the doctor select the most effective 。 How is UTI treated?尿路感染的治療 UTIs are treated with antibacterial 。 Another useful test is 。照照片展現(xiàn)了泌尿道的輪廓，即使是很小的變化也能檢測出來。One of these tests is an intravenous pyelogram, which gives xray images of the bladder, kidneys, and ，通過X射線照出膀胱、腎臟和輸尿管的圖像。但普通的細菌培養(yǎng)不能發(fā)現(xiàn)任何細菌。 Some microbes, like Chlamydia and Mycoplasma , can be detected only with special bacterial ，如衣原體和支原體，只有通過特殊的細菌培養(yǎng)才可檢測到。Then the bacteria are grown in a culture and tested against different antibiotics to see which drug best destroys the ，用不同的抗生素做對抗實驗，看看哪種藥物能最有效地殺死細菌。 offices are equipped to do the ，但通常情況下，樣本要送實驗室。This method of collecting urine helps prevent bacteria around the genital area from getting into the sample and confusing the test ，有助于防止生殖器官周圍的細菌進入樣本而影響檢測結果。 How is UTI diagnosed?尿路感染如何診斷？ To find out whether you have a UTI, your doctor will test a sample of urine for pus and ，醫(yī)生將提取尿液樣本測試尿膿和細菌。 如果孩子出現(xiàn)這些癥狀，尤其是尿出現(xiàn)變化，應及時就醫(yī)The child should be seen by a doctor if there are any questions about these symptoms, especially a change in the child39。與Unlike adults, children are more likely to have fever and no other symptom成人不同，兒童更有可能發(fā)燒而且沒有其它癥狀。 In children, symptoms of a urinary infection may be overlooked or attributed to another 。 A fever may mean that the infection has reached the 。The urine itself may look milky or cloudy, even reddish if blood is ，甚至血尿。 Often women feel an unfortable pressure above the pubic bone, and some men experience a fullness in the ，有些男人覺得直腸漲氣。 What are the symptoms of UTI?尿路感染的癥狀 Not everyone with a UTI has symptoms, but most people get at least some ，但大部分人至少有某些癥狀，尿頻或排尿時膀胱或尿道灼痛。 According to several studies, women who use a diaphragm are more likely to develop a UTI than women who use other forms of birth ，使用子宮帽節(jié)育的婦女比采用其它措施節(jié)制生育的女性更容易得尿道炎。s urethral opening is near sources of bacteria from the anus and ，女性的尿道口離肛門和陰道的細菌源很近。s urethra is short, allowing bacteria quick access to the ，使細菌快速進入膀胱。 Scientists are not sure why women have more urinary infections than 。 UTIs are more rare in boys and young 。 Any other disorder that suppresses the immune system raises the risk of a urinary 。 Bacteria on the catheter can infect the bladder, so hospital staff take special care to keep the catheter clean and remove it as soon as ，因此醫(yī)務人員均特別注意保持導管清潔并盡早拔掉尿?qū)Ч?。不能排尿的或病情嚴重而喪失一時的患者，常長期需要插導尿管。 An enlarged prostate gland also can slow the flow of urine, thus raising the risk of ，增大感染風險。 Who is at risk?危險人群 Some people are more prone to getting a UTI than 。 In men, the prostate gland produces secretions that slow bacterial ；In both sexes, immune defenses also prevent 。 The urinary system is structured in a way that helps ward off 。 稱為Microorganisms called Chlamydia and Mycoplasma may also cause UTIs in both men and women, but these infections tend to remain limited to the urethra and reproductive ，但這些感染往往只限于尿道和生殖系統(tǒng)。 If the infection is not treated promptly, bacteria may then travel further up the ureters to multiply and infect the ，細菌可能進一步進入輸尿管繁殖導致腎臟感染。 如果An infection limited to the urethra is called ，就是尿道炎。 In many cases, bacteria first travel to the ，細菌首先進入尿道。 The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the 。 [ Top ] What are the causes of UTI?尿路感染的原因 Normally, urine is ，一般不含細菌、病毒和真菌，但含有液體、鹽和廢物。 但尿量不盡相同The amount of urine varies, depending on the fluids and foods a person ，這取決于人消耗的食物和水。 Urine is stored in the bladder and emptied through the 。 The kidneys remove excess liquid and wastes from the blood in the form of urine, keep a stable balance of salts and other substances in the blood, and produce a hormone that aids the formation of red blood ，保持血液中鹽和其它物質(zhì)相對的穩(wěn)定和平衡，產(chǎn)生促使紅血球生成的激素。 * Ambulatory Care Visits to Physician Offices, Hospital Outpatient Departments, and Emergency Departments: United States, 1999–2000. Vital and Health StatisticsThe urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and ﹑輸尿管﹑膀胱和尿道組成。20％的女性會患尿路感染20會感染會患尿路感染 會。每年因Urinary tract infections (UTIs) account for about million doctor visits each year.* Women are especially prone to UTIs for reasons that are not yet well （UTIs ）就醫(yī)的人數(shù)約為830萬人。第七單元Text A 成人尿路感染尿路感染是一個嚴重的健康問題，每年影響數(shù)百萬人。并發(fā)癥包括門脈高壓、腹水、肝性腦病和肝癌。引起原因包括酒精中毒（酒精性肝硬化），病毒性肝炎（壞死后肝硬變），膽總管慢性阻塞（繼發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化），自身免疫性疾病（原發(fā)性膽汁性肝硬化），慢性心臟衰竭（心源性肝硬化）。肝硬化肝臟對一些肝細胞的損傷或死亡做出反應時發(fā)生該病，這時肝臟產(chǎn)生一些交錯的纖維組織，纖維組織之間是一些再生細胞結節(jié)。黃疸是肝炎的一種標志，顯示為皮膚和鞏膜發(fā)黃。除了甲型和乙型肝炎（傳染性肝炎和血清性肝炎），還存在著既不是甲型也不是乙型的病毒性肝炎。傳染性肝炎（甲肝病毒）是由攝入受污染的食物或水引起的。有時會實施迷走神經(jīng)切斷術和幽門成形術（擴闊幽門）以減少導致潰瘍的條件。可以通過實施胃空腸吻合術為潰瘍的十二指腸建立旁路。嚴重的出血，尤其是十二指腸潰瘍的嚴重出血，是潰瘍最常見的并發(fā)癥。與炎癥有關的幽門螺旋桿菌也可能是引起十二指腸和胃消化性潰瘍一個因素。例如：消化性潰瘍潰瘍是粘膜的局部破壞，能產(chǎn)生開放性傷口。韌帶是腹膜中一種支撐一個器官或把它和別的器官連在一起的厚實的部分。 腸系膜把內(nèi)臟器官和腹壁連接在一起。襯內(nèi)臟器官的腹膜被稱為內(nèi)臟腹膜，襯腹盆腔內(nèi)腹膜被稱為壁層腹膜。糞便（消化的廢料）在被排泄前儲存在乙狀結腸內(nèi)，由乙狀結腸經(jīng)直腸從肛門排出體外。闌尾在盲腸的頂端，它又稱作蚓狀突，因為它像一只蚯蚓。除結腸外，結腸內(nèi)壁都襯有小囊（結腸袋）。在腸液中也有許多其他的消化酶，可以完