【正文】 例如，解決消費者的要求，一些食品化學家參與發(fā)現(xiàn)脂肪和糖的替代品，不改變食物的味道和質(zhì)地。食品化學家用已收獲的植物性食物，并已用于屠宰的動物。健康狀況不佳可能造成的不平衡的營養(yǎng)，無論過剩或不足。Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the nutrient classes. Some nutrients are required on a regular basis, while others are needed less frequently. Poor health can be caused by an imbalance of nutrients, whether an excess or a deficiency.大多數(shù)食品中含有的一種混合的部分或全部的營養(yǎng)類。類似的脂肪酸，某些氨基酸是必不可少的。蛋白質(zhì)分子中含有除脂肪與碳水化合物的元素氮原子。脂肪甘油三酯，由各種脂肪酸甘油單體的約束。Molecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates may be simple monomers (glucose, fructose, galactose), or large polymers polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of various fatty acid monomers bound to glycerol. Some fatty acids are essential, but not all. Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to the elements of carbohydrates and fats. The nitrogencontaining monomers of protein, called amino acids, fulfill many roles other than energy metabolism, and when they are used as fuel, getting rid of the nitrogen places a burden on the kidneys. Similar to fatty acids, certain amino acids are essential.碳水化合物和脂肪分子由碳，氫，氧的原子。碳水化合物和蛋白質(zhì)為17 kJ（4大卡）的每克脂肪提供能量，而37 kJ（9大卡）每克。微量營養(yǎng)素是維生素與礦物質(zhì)。這些營養(yǎng)類一般可分為宏量營養(yǎng)素的種類（金額比較大的需要），以及微量元素（需要在較小的數(shù)量）。Lesson 23 Food NutritionFood is any substance, usually posed primarily of carbohydrates, fats, water and/or proteins, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal or human for nutrition or pleasure.食物是什么物質(zhì)，通常由主要是碳水化合物，脂肪，水分和/或蛋白質(zhì)，能吃或一個動物或人體對營養(yǎng)和樂趣醉。酶化學在藥物研發(fā)從分離的酶或微生物往往可以實現(xiàn)手性化學轉(zhuǎn)化更有效和經(jīng)濟上比傳統(tǒng)的合成方法發(fā)揮了突出的作用。如果其中的一個對映體被證明是明顯優(yōu)于那么很可能它是形式，將發(fā)展作為候選藥物。然而，在許多情況下，一個或一個光學活性的藥物可能比其他的對映體的對映體的一個顯著更大的所需的生物活性和/或副作用少負債水平。D since isolated enzymes or microorganisms can often achieve an enantiospecific chemical transformation much more efficiently and economically than conventional synthetic methods. Many ―big pharma‖ panies now have dedicated groups that exclusively study enzymatic reactions.與純對映異構(gòu)體的分離已成為越來越重要的合成。定量結(jié)構(gòu)活性關系（QSAR）經(jīng)常被用在這方面的努力；分析采用線性自由能關系，線性回歸，和其他技術可用于生物活性與電子，空間，極化和關聯(lián)，對一系列的結(jié)構(gòu)上相關的化合物的取代基參數(shù)等physicallchemical成員。藥用化學家必須成為熟練的分析結(jié)構(gòu)活性關系（SAR）屬于該系列化合物對他工作的。要知道結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件作為現(xiàn)有藥物的藥效的藥物化學家很重要。 Such insight is gained by acquiring an expanded knowledge base. It is important for the medicinal chemist to know what structural ponents act as pharmacophores in existing drugs. Pharmacophores, which can be of varying plexity, prise the essential structural elements of a drug molecule that enable it to interact on the molecular level with a biological macromolecule such as a receptor or enzyme and thus impart a pharmacological effect. The medicinal chemist must bee skilled at analyzing the structure activity relationships (SAR) that pertain to the series of pounds on which he is working. That is, how does the activity in a biological test of analogs within the series change depending on the introduction of substituents of various size, polarity, and lipophilicity at various domains of the parent drug molecule? Elucidation of the SAR within a series of active pounds is the key to optimizing the potency and other desirable biological properties in order to identify a new chemical entity (NCE) as a bona fide drug candidate. Quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) are often employed in this effort。雖然這樣的技能可以在藥店的事業(yè)仍然是重要的，他們還不足以在藥物發(fā)現(xiàn)的具有挑戰(zhàn)性的任務，不同的學術環(huán)境，合成化學只是達到目的的一種手段，而不是目的本身。作為他們的學術訓練的一部分，許多藥物化學家進行博士和博士后工作涉及天然產(chǎn)物的全合成及合成方法的發(fā)展。因此，定義什么是―藥用化學家‖和什么角色是由這一分支學科的從業(yè)者在制藥工業(yè)中起著重要的。However the great majority of existing drugs are small organic molecules (MW200600) that have been synthesized by medicinal chemists. There is no reason to doubt that most drugs of the future will also fall in this category. It is thus important to define what is meant by ―medicinal chemist‖ and what role is played by the practitioners of this subdiscipline in the pharmaceutical industry. A traditional and perhaps somewhat narrow definition of medicinal chemist is that of a researcher engaged in the design and synthesis of bioactive molecules. As part of their academic training， many medicinal chemists carried out doctoral and postdoctoral work that involved the total synthesis of natural products andor the development of synthetic methodology. They are hired by pharmaceutical panies because of the skills they have gained in planning and conducting the synthesis of organic pounds. While such skills can remain important throughout chemists’ careers, they alone are insufficient for the challenging task of drug discovery in which, unlike the academic environment, synthetic chemistry is just a means to an end rather than an end in itself. Thus, the enterprising young chemical researcher who enters the industry must be able and willing to undergo an evolution from that of pure synthetic chemist who knows how to make pounds to that of medicinal chemist who also has an insight into what to make and why.然而，現(xiàn)有的藥物，絕大多數(shù)是有機小分子（mw200600）已被藥物化學家合成了。在分子生物學的巨大進步已導致在生物工程藥物的研制成功，例如，人胰島素，赫賽?。℅enentech的藥物對乳腺癌），和Enbrel（內(nèi)克斯風濕性關節(jié)炎藥物）。植物和海洋生物和土壤細菌的發(fā)酵產(chǎn)品提取將繼續(xù)研究的強大的新的藥物的潛在來源。正因為如此，他們已觀察到持續(xù)存在于環(huán)境中，能遠距離運輸，生物蓄積在人體和動物的組織，在食物鏈的生物放大作用，并具有潛在的顯著的對人類健康和環(huán)境的影響Lesson 21 Medical ChemistryChemistry has long been an integral part of the pharmaceutical industry and its importance should not diminish. Many currently marketed drugs such as the antineoplastic agent, paclitaxel, and the antibiotic, vanycin, are natural products. The extracts of plants and marine organisms and the products of soil bacteria fermentation will continue to be investigated as potential sources of powerful new drug substances. Chemists are certainly involved in this arena of drug discovery as they conduct the painstaking isolation, purification, and structural characterization of pharmacologically active ponents which most often are present in minute amounts in the natural source and which have extremely plex chemical structures. The enormous advances in molecular biology have resulted in the successful development of bioengineered therapeutic agents, for example, human insulin, Herceptin (Genentech dru