【正文】 完美DOC格式整理 。Even with such precautions it is still a god idea to have an automatic shaudown system in situations whererobots are a system should have the capacity to sense the need for an automatic shutdown of operations.翻譯：即使有了這些防御措施，在使用機(jī)器人的場(chǎng)地中設(shè)置一個(gè)自動(dòng)停止工作的系統(tǒng)仍然不失為一個(gè)好主意。One of the principal advatages of robots is that they can be used in settings that are dangerous to humans.翻譯：機(jī)器人的一個(gè)主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)實(shí)它們可以在對(duì)于人類來說實(shí)危險(xiǎn)的環(huán)境中工作。The terms “reprogrammable”impliestwo things :The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to acmodate a variety of manufacturing tasks翻譯：“可以改變程序”這個(gè)術(shù)語意味著兩件事：機(jī)器人根據(jù)編寫的程序工作，以及可以通過重新編寫程序來適應(yīng)不同種類的制造工作的需要。 These two technologies allowed for the development of puter numerical control (CNC). 這兩種技術(shù)為計(jì)算機(jī)數(shù)控(CNC)的發(fā)展打下了基礎(chǔ)。 4 、The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. 在形成直接數(shù)字控制(DNC)這個(gè)概念之后，可以不再采用紙帶或塑料帶作為編程指令的載體，這樣就解決了與之有關(guān)的問題。 Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tolls, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills . 在與人工可控制的機(jī)床有關(guān)的很多局限性中，操作者的技術(shù)大概是最突出的問題。Lesson66One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manually operated and controlled . 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)中的一個(gè)最基本的概念是數(shù)字控制（NC）。通過對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工藝規(guī)程的編輯，可以滿足對(duì)特定工作的專門要求。 the variant approach ,a set of standard process plans is established for all parts families that have been identified through group technology.在派生法中，對(duì)采用成組技術(shù)確定的一個(gè)零件族中的所有零件，編制一套標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的加工工藝規(guī)程。 important for CIM ,puteraided process machine readable data instead of handwritten plans . Such data can readily be transferred to other systems within the CIM hierarchy for use in planning.對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造最為重要的是，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)可以生成機(jī)器可以閱讀數(shù)據(jù)，而不是手寫的規(guī)程。其中包括已建立的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，可加工性數(shù)據(jù)，機(jī)器的規(guī)格，工藝裝備的清單，原材料庫存量和一些目前正在應(yīng)用的工藝文件。 Manufacturing English Handbook , process planning is the systematic determination of the methods by which a product is to be manufactured economically and petitively .根據(jù)《工具與制造工程師手冊(cè)》，工藝設(shè)計(jì)就是系統(tǒng)地確定能夠經(jīng)濟(jì)地和有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力地將產(chǎn)品制造出來的方法。 Many of today^s more sophisticated lathes are called machining centers since they are capable of performing, in addition to the normal turning operations, certain milling and drilling operations.當(dāng)前許多技術(shù)更為先進(jìn)的車床叫做加工中心。With a multiple spindle maching , however ,the spindle itself indexes.然而，在多軸自動(dòng)車床上，主軸自己轉(zhuǎn)位。 The first screw machine were designed to feed bar stock and wire used in making small screw parts.單軸自動(dòng)螺絲車床，顧名思義，一次僅能加工一根棒料。然而，所有磚塔車床的主要特點(diǎn)是刀具能按適當(dāng)順序完成一系列的加工工序。 The tracer or duplicating lathe is designed to produce irregularly shaped parts automatically. 靠模車床或仿形車床被設(shè)計(jì)用來對(duì)形狀不規(guī)則的零件進(jìn)行自動(dòng)加工。These systems offer many advantagees over traditional design and manufacturing systems, ineluding less design effort, more efficent material use, reduced lead tine, greater accuracy, and improved inventory controi.包括減少時(shí)間工作量，提高材料利用率，縮短產(chǎn)品研制周期，提高精度和改善庫存管理。Computer of applications in engineering and other technical fields. Most graphical solutions that are possible with a pencil can be done on a puter and usually more productively. Applications vary from 3D modeling and finite element analysis to 2D drawings and mathematical caiculation.計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)在工程技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用幾乎沒有任何限制，大部分可以鉛筆完成的圖解方法都可以用計(jì)算機(jī)完成，而且通常效率更高。不這樣做，就會(huì)使學(xué)生們?cè)趯淼穆殬I(yè)生涯中處于非常不利的地位。例如，一個(gè)零件的尺寸可以被表示成20+，其公差（尺寸變動(dòng)量）。If the variations due to chance causes are too great, it is usually necessary to move the operation to more accurate eq