英美概況各章節(jié)重點(diǎn)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)整理(參考版)
2024-10-23 15:14本頁(yè)面
【正文】 tε?ri?n]attitudes. The civil wars ? The puritans made up the most revolutionary section. So the Bourgeois Revolution was also known as the Puritan Revolution. ? The left wing of the revolutionary forces found a leader: Oliver Cromwell. ? Oliver Cromwell was one of the manders of the New Model Army which defeated the royalists in the English Civil War. After the execution of King Charles I in 1649, Cromwell dominated the shortlived Commonwealth of England, conquered Ireland and Scotland, and ruled as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. ? Roundhead was the nickname given to the supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I who claimed absolute power and the divine right of kings. ? The civil war is the beginning of modern world history. Restoration ? Charles II put an end to the Republic. They took over Manhattan Island from Dutch and named it New York. ? His brother James 2 succeeded, reviving Catholicism. ? Glorious Revolution of 1688 also called the White Revolution, because it caused no bloodshed. It was the overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians . Finally, William III (Jamea’2 son in law)and Mary ascended the English throne. ? W and M childless. Mary’s sister succeeded. Scots accepted the Act of Union, in1707, Great Britain was born. Hanover dynasty. Section six: the industrial revolution and the chartist movement Background of industrial revolution ? The new class managed to acplish “primitive accumulation of capital” through plunder and exploitation. It plundered America and Africa through colonization and the notorious triangular trade. ? James watt made the steam engine practiced for industrial use. ? Enclosure movement: to make a profit by selling grain, landowners began to replace the small“open fields” with hedgedivided large fields. (A new system of crop rotation was introduced.) Under enclosure, such land is fenced (enclosed) and deeded or entitled to one or more owners. Tenants were driven off their lands. ? Farmer Gee. Effects of the industrial revolution (17501850) ? The workshop of the world. ? As a result, class contradiction between the capitalists and the proletariat, or capital and labour, became the major problem. ? The forests of chimneys turned Birmingham to “Black Country” ? The transition from an agrarian civilization to industrial civilization was criticized by Luddites. ? Theory: social Darwinism (Origin of Speciesnatural selection) and Malthusianism and Adam Smith (laissezfair). The chartist movement (18361848,3times) ? The chartist movement Was a mass movement of working class to fight for equal political and social rights. ? Document: the People’s Charter人民憲章， drawn by London Workingmen’s Association. ? Two groups: moral force chartists and physical force chartists. Queen Victoria (“the grandmother of Europe”, suffered hemophilia ) “The Polite Society” ? The Victo
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