【正文】 There are three ways in telling the story of a may be told in a series of letters.2Sheridan雪爾頓,戲劇家,造謠學(xué)校.2Johnson’s Dictionary約翰遜字典編撰2Oliver Goldsmith:Peoms:,五步一揚(yáng)格2Sentimetalism in English appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its in English ,古典和浪漫轉(zhuǎn)換Thomas Graya。The Prologue序言:All classes of the English feudal the royalty and the poorest peasant.Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types,especially the rhymed couplet of 5accents in iambic meter (the “heroic couplet”) 喬叟(13431400),. The Renaissance and Humanism: Humanism is the keynote of the Renaissance.文藝復(fù)興,提倡理性,人文主義. Thomas More:Utopia托馬斯?摩爾:烏托邦(空想社會主義).Book one picture of contemporary English,expose the poverty of labouring two ideal min wealth.More understood that the principle “From everyone according to his capacities,to everyone according to his needs”is the only practical basis for a munist society. The sonnet,an exact form of poetry in 14lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed,was introduced to England from (五步抑揚(yáng)格,押韻).blank verse:無韻體(米爾頓). Sir Philip Sidey is wellknown as a poet and critic of poetry,”Astrophel and Stella”圣?菲律浦?西德尼十四行詩阿期菲爾和斯特拉.Edmund Spenser:the “poet’s poet”.in 1579 he wrote “The Shepherd’s Calendar”斯賓塞,詩人中的詩人,牧羊人的日歷.The Faerie Queene是一部卷帙豐富的長詩,詩中有傳統(tǒng)寓言(ALLEGORY)以及對伊麗莎白女王的頌歌。 The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romancechivalry.The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.英國封建主義時期最主要的文學(xué)是傳奇故事(騎士文學(xué)). 是最充分地表現(xiàn)了封建貴族階級精神特征的文學(xué)，也是世俗的貴族階級文學(xué)的主要成就. The Ballads:Aballed is a story told in in 4line stanzas,with the second and fourth lines are mainly the literature of the peasants,and in them one is able to understand the outlook of the English mon people in feudal ,敘事詩(押韻). Geoffrey Chaucer ,the founder of English poetry.Troilus and Criseyde特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德.The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集, 以一伙來自社會各個階層的香客在宗教朝圣的路上講述故事為線索，向我們清楚地展示了那個時代人們的生活。最后貝奧武夫以垂老之年，殺一噴火巨龍，但其個人亦因而身受重創(chuàng)，終於身死。第二天晚上，格蘭戴的母親前來為其子復(fù)仇，其后貝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中殺死。此時恰巧瑞典南部濟(jì)茲（Geats）王子貝奧武夫率家臣來訪，協(xié)助除害。Features of “Beowulf”:The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration. Other features of “Beowulf” are the use of metaphors and of understatements.本詩原以西撒克遜方言寫成，押頭韻而不押尾韻，用雙字隱喻而不用明喻。全詩凡三千一百八十二行，以斯堪地那維亞的英雄貝奧武夫的英勇事跡構(gòu)成主要內(nèi)容。貝奧武夫（Beowulf）乃現(xiàn)存古英文文學(xué)中最偉大之作，也是歐洲最早的方言史詩。故事的舞臺位于北歐的斯堪的納維亞半島。 《A Modest Proposal》一個溫和的建議 4)、Samuel Richardson 《Pamela》帕美勒? ??The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法 In the form of letters 書信體小說 5)、Richard B. Sheridan 《School for Scandal》造謠學(xué)校，喜劇 edy 6)、Oliver Goldsmith’s ? 散文作家 essayist 《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲爾德的牧師，小說 novel 《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全，歡樂喜劇 rollicking edy 《The Deserted Village》荒村，詩歌 poems Sentimentalism 感傷主義? no belief 沒有信仰 The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people. 感傷主義的代表人物在繼續(xù)反對封建主義的同時又模糊的感覺到資本主義進(jìn)程中出現(xiàn)的種種矛盾，感覺到資本主義制度對人性的奴役和破壞。 《The History of Tom Jones, a foundling》? the best novel of him ? 3)、Jonathan Swift 《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游記 novel? 反諷 作品特點(diǎn)：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice。因此呼吁把情感的訴求作為一種謀求幸福和社會公平的手段。 The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he bees depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment. 啟蒙主義者顛覆了宗教所宣揚(yáng)的人類本惡的觀點(diǎn)；論證了人生誠實(shí)而友善，而腐化墮落則是后天腐敗的社會環(huán)境所致。 代表人物： ? 1)、John Donne ? “metaphysical”poets (玄學(xué)派詩人) 的代表人物 sonnet 十四行詩? 《Death be not proud》(筆記) 作品特點(diǎn)：① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦誠的態(tài)度和現(xiàn)實(shí)描繪) ② novelty of subject matter and point(新穎的題材和視角) ③ novelty of its form.(新穎的形式) 2)、John Milton a great poet 詩人? （ poem 詩歌? blank verse ） 《Defense for the English People》為英國人辯護(hù) 《Paradise Lost》失樂園? “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是壞人 《Paradise Regained》復(fù)樂園 3)、John Bunyan a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)” 《Pilgrim’s Progress》天路歷程? prose 散文 該書采用的寫作手法“written in the oldfashioned(舊體形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻) and dream” 六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世紀(jì)) 啟蒙運(yùn)動? prose 散文 Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope. 強(qiáng)調(diào)正確的格式和寫作規(guī)范，像艾迪生一樣創(chuàng)作散文，和蒲柏一樣創(chuàng)作詩歌。 key work:? humanism 人文主義： admire human beauty and human achievement 代表人物： 1)、Thomas More ? Utopia 烏托邦 2)、Francis Bacon 第一個散文家(essayist) 3)、Thomas Wyatt 引入十四行詩的第一人 sonnet(十四行詩)： form of poetry intricately rhymed(間隔押韻) in 14 lines iambic pentameter 4)、Edmund Spenser poet’s poet(詩人中的詩人) ?The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史詩) 5)、Christopher Marlowe blank verse(無韻體：不押韻的五步抑揚(yáng)格) 是十六世紀(jì)英國戲劇的主要表現(xiàn)形式。 Popular Ballads 大眾民謠 ：a story hold in 4line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(筆記) Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(書上). 歌謠是匿名敘事歌曲,一直保存著口頭傳播的方式 代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 代表作：Robin Hood and AllinaDale 羅賓漢和阿林代爾 四、The Renaissance (16世紀(jì)) 文藝復(fù)興時期? （Greek and Roman） 戲劇? drama? 詩章? canto The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences. 文藝復(fù)興最初是指經(jīng)典藝術(shù)和科學(xué)在英國的復(fù)興。瓊斯 5. Sentimentalism 傷感主義1) Laurence SterneThe life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, GentlemanA Sentimental Journey through France and Italy2) Thomas Gray 格雷Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard鄉(xiāng)村墓園挽歌墓園詩人 憂傷6. Gothic NovelHorace WalpoleThe Castle of Otranto奧特朗托城堡: first Gothic novel大綱文學(xué)體裁：詩歌poem，小說novel，戲劇dramaOrigin起源：Christianity 基督教 → bible 圣經(jīng) Myth神話 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亞瑟王和他的騎士（筆記）? 一、The A