【正文】 thereby he got 2200 in SAT test. ? He practiced hard, thereby getting… ? He practiced hard, whereby he got 2200 in SAT test. ? 不能改為 by which，因為 which指全句 ? He bought a pen, by which he got 2200. ? In their zeal to make beachfront living widely available, developers have overbuilt, thereby they endanger fragile coastlines. A. overbuilt, thereby they endanger fragile coastlines B. overbuilt they endanger fragile coastlines as a result C. overbuilt and thereby have endangered fragile coastlines D. overbuilt。 and yet=yet ? so therefore…but however… ? and therefore…and however 特殊?？几痹~ ? thereby=in this way，不能連接兩句話 ? 關(guān)系副詞 whereby=by which，來自定語從句，可以連接兩句話， which一般指全句。 however, I couldn’t tell him then. ? I want to quit, and so I give up the precious opportunity. ? I have to cry, and also to smile. ? and also=and…too。 either…or 以后者為主語 ? Not he but I __ a student. ? (I, not he, __ a student.) ? Not only he, but also his parents __angry. ? Neither he nor I __ a student. ? Either I or they __ going. ? am, am, are, am, are 就近原則 ? 11. there is/are/has been/have been ? There __ a boy and two girls. ? There __two boys and a girl. ? There __been a saying that all men are created equal. ? There __ been many winners who have survived unimaginable ordeals. ? is, are, has, have 形容詞和副詞 修飾內(nèi)容 ? 形容詞修飾名詞，副詞修飾形容詞，副詞，動詞，全句 看修飾詞 ? That is the real he. ? That is really he. ? Extremely quickadv+adj ? Extremely quicklyadv+adv ? He is an extremely good boy. ? He does extremely well. ? He is an extraordinary good boy. ? He is an extraordinarily good boy. 修飾內(nèi)容 ? Keep quiet! ? 你（們） 安靜！ ? Keep it quiet! ? 讓 它（ it） 安靜！ ? Keep it quietly! ? 安靜地 keep it！ ? I made it easy to study. ? 我使學(xué)習(xí)容易了 /我使 it容易學(xué)習(xí)了 ? I made it easily and left. ? 我輕松地搞定 it然后離開 ? think it wise/wisely to suppress his nervousness 特殊形容詞副詞 ? fly high/low高度，低度 fly highly? fly lowly? ? praise him highly程度 =highly praised ? dig a hole deep深度 ? deeply moved程度 ? far from程度 ? far away from距離 ? Beijing is far from Shanghai. ? 北京和上海差遠了！ (可以距離么？ ) ? Beijing is far away from Shanghai. ? 北京離上?？蛇h了！ ? She is far from beautiful. 加形容詞的動詞 ? :X起來 ? look ? sound ? touch ? taste ? smell ? feel 加形容詞的動詞 ? 2. 省略 to be的 ? consider ? prove ? seem ? appear 加形容詞的動詞 ? ? keep ? remain ? 4. 變得 ? turn ? bee ? go ? e 比較級，最高級 ? （ 2者一定比較級， 3者沒準兒） ? Of the two students, she is the better. ? Of all students, he is the best. ? Of all students, he is better than others. ? Of all students, he is better than any other student.（ any other + 單數(shù)） ? Of all students, he is much better than any student. 比較級，最高級 ? ? A is better than B. ? A’s is better than B’s. ? A’s is better than that/those of B. ? A is better than A was. ? A was better than A had been. ? A is better than B was. ? A is better done than B is done. ? A is better by B than by C. ? A has more C than B. 比較級，最高級 ? 誰在比較？比較什么？ ? 比較主體和比較內(nèi)容 ? A has more C than ? A has more C than B has C. ? B是主格，和Ａ比較 ? A has more C than A has B. ? B是賓格，和 C比較 ? This bottle has more water than that one. ? This bottle has more water than ice. 比較內(nèi)容 ? There is probably no story more dramatic A B C than baseball39。 not only, but also。 has ? ： many a, more than, no more than, less than, a … of ? Many a boy ___ there. ? Many a boy and many a girl __studying SAT. ? Many a thousand boys ___ there. ? More than one boy __over there. ? No more than two girls __reading books. ? Is, is, are, is, are ? ： few, a few, little, a little, several, many, much ? Among all students, few ___ satisfied with their SAT. ? are ? ,very,certain可表示某個，某些 Some person ___ definitely out there. is, 某個人一定在那兒 Some people ___ definitely out there. are， 那兒肯定有些人 That is the very point. Those are the very people. ? , n, and n其中 and不能換為 also, as well as, in addition。 are, are。 90% of us __taking TOEFL, and the rest __ taking SAT. ? Three fifths of the water __been polluted. ? Is。 thus, containing all the necessary amino acids and being also 特殊 ? 兩者解釋一者，三者不能平行只能有主次 ? He has two jobs, one is to study SAT, and the other is to study TOEFL. ? He has two jobs。t easily give up. 主句否定副詞前置引起主句倒裝 ? never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely前置引起倒裝，但依然為主句！ Never have I seen that before! Hardly can you believe that! Seldom have we done such a bad thing that we felt guilty. Never have we seen that, we are stunned there. 對比非謂語： Never having imagined such a weird person, we have no idea how to address the mess. Not noticing the plaintiff’s anger, the attorney continued his defense. ? We had never seen anything like this style of architecture before, we thought we were looking at giant sculpture, not building. A. We had never seen B. We never saw C. Never had we seen D. Never having seen E. Never seeing F. Having never seen 否定副詞前置倒裝 Not until+時間 +助動詞 +主語 +謂語動詞 ? Not until she left for US did I realize how much I loved her. ? I didn’t realize how much I loved her until she left for US. not only引起倒裝， but also正語序 ? Not only is he a doctor, but he is also a butcher. No sooner+助動詞 +S+V+ than+SVO ? No sooner had we arrived than SAT test began. No longer/by no means ? By no means can we fail. 非謂語 后置非謂語 ? 先看看定語從句的后置 which ? SVO, which ? which指 o或者最近的關(guān)鍵詞 I have a book, which they all know. I have a book which they all know. I have a book, a fact that they all know. I have a book, as they all know. He fets the homework, as happens always. ? SVO, doing doing一般指 s或者全句動作，一般表結(jié)果 或同時 ? SVO, doing doing指 O的只有 including，可以指前面任何名詞 ? SVO, done. done一般指 o， 指主語 s時一般要放到 S之前或緊貼 S后面更準確