【正文】 perceptions and patterns their way of life T IV. Explain the following terms (30%) 3 One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds 18 which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of binations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation. 3 Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present. 3 A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks. 3 The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, can be added to a noun to form an adjective. 3 a rewrite rule that allows for the possible binations of words to form phrases and sentences 3 Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, husband and wife, father and son etc. 3 Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning ponents, called semantic features. For example, the word man is analyzed as prising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE. 3 Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic munication is taking place. 3 A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, . pass away for die. Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills. V. Answer the following questions (20%) 19 4 The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement. 1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, . between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, → /fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English) 2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so night was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/. 3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, . 4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less mon, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd (bird) is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart bird. 評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：滿分為 10 分，總論及四小點(diǎn)各占 2 分。s), Black English can d the form of be. 1 The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition. As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and municative strategies of the learner. III. Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%10=20%) ( )2 In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons. ( )2 Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English. 15 ( )2 The pound word bookstore is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a pound is the sum total of the meanings of its ponents. ( )2 Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only. ( )2 Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. ( )2 Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise. ( )2 The territory in which the IndoEuropean languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages tha