【正文】 s secretary, Captain Meriwether Lewis, had been instructed to explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it as, by its course and munication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean …may offer her most direct and practicable water munication across the continent, for the purposes of merce. Captain William Clark, the younger brother of famed Gee Rogers Clerk, was invited to share the mand of the exploring party. Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent, the two captains set out. The date was May 14, 1804. Their point of departure was the mouth of the Wood River, just across the Mississippi from the entrance of the Missouri River. After toiling up the Missouri all summer, the group wintered near the Mandan villages in the center of what is now North Dakota. Resuming their 15 journey in the spring of 1805, the men worked their way along the Missouri to its source and then crossed the mountains of western Montana and Idaho. Picking up a tributary of the Columbia River, they continued westward until they reached the Pacific Ocean, where they stayed until the following spring. Lewis and Clark brought back much new information, including the knowledge that the continent was wider than originally supposed. More specifically, they learned a good deal about river drainages and mountain barriers. They ended speculation that an easy coasttocoast route existed via the MissouriColumbia River systems, and their reports。 there was always a huge surplus of subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes, particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middleclass inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth. 12 14. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned? (A) Types of mass transportation. (B) Instability of urban life. (C) How supply and demand determine land use. (D) The effects of mass transportation on urban expansion. 15. The author mentions all of the following as effects of mass transportation on cities EXCEPT (A) growth in city area (B) separation of mercial and residential districts. (C) Changes in life in the inner city. (D) Increasing standards of living. 16. The word vast in line 3 is closest in meaning to (A) large (B) basic (C) new (D) urban 17. The word sparked in line 11 is closest in meaning to (A) brought about (B) surrounded (C) sent out (D) followed 18. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago? (A) To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth. (B) To show that mass transit changed many cities. (C) To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation. 19. The word potential in line 16 is closest in meaning to (A) certain (B) popular (C) improved (D) possible 20. The word many in line 19 refers to (A) people (B) lots (C) years (D) developers 21. According to the passage, what was one disadvantage of residential expansion? (A) It was expensive. (B) It happened too slowly. (C) It was unplanned. (D) It created a demand for public transportation. 22. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a city (A) that is large (B) that is used as a model for land development (C) where land development exceeded population growth (D) with an excellent mass transportation system. 13 Question 2333 The preservation of embryos and juveniles is rare occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack if swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have bee a treasury of wellpreserved ichthyosaur fossils. The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish, and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development。s roots is not connected to water in its stem. 6. Which of the following statements does the passage support? (A) Water is pushed to the tops of trees. (B) Botanists have proven that living cells act as pumps. (C) Atmospheric pressure draws water to the tops of tall trees. (D) Botanists have changed their theories of how water moves in plants. 7. The word it in line 12 refers to (A) top (B) tree (C) water (D) cohesiontension theory. 8. The word there in li