培訓(xùn)講義經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-externalities(參考版)
2025-05-27 18:25本頁面
【正文】 來自 中國最大的資料庫下載 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) Externalities 來自 中國最大的資料庫下載 Market Efficiency Market Failures Recall that: Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” of the marketplace leads selfinterested buyers and sellers in a market to maximize the total benefit that society can derive from a market. But market failures can still happen. 來自 中國最大的資料庫下載 Market Failures: Externalities ?When a market oute affects parties other than the buyers and sellers in the market, sideeffects are created called externalities. ?Externalities cause markets to be inefficient, and thus fail to maximize total surplus. 來自 中國最大的資料庫下載 An externality arises... . . . when a person engages in an activity that influences the wellbeing of a bystander and yet neither pays nor receives any pensation for that effect. 來自 中國最大的資料庫下載 Market Failures: Externalities ?When the impact on the bystander is adverse, the externality is called a negative externality. ?When the impact on the bystander is beneficial, the externality is called a positive externality. 來自 中國最大的資料庫下載 ?Automobile exhaust ?Cigarette smoking ?Barking dogs (loud pets) ?Loud stereos in an apartment building Examples of Negative Externalities 來自 中國最大的資料庫下載 ?Immunizations ?Restored historic buildings ?Research into new technologies Examples of Positive Externalities 來自 中國最大的資料庫下載 The Market for Aluminum... Quantity of Aluminum 0 Price of Aluminum QMARKET Demand (private value) Supply (private cost) Equilibrium 來自 中國最大的資料庫下載 The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics The quantity produced and consumed in the market equilibrium is efficient in the sense that it maximizes the sum of producer and consumer surplus. 來自 中國最大的資料庫下載 The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics If the aluminum factories emit pollution (a negative externality), then the cost to society of producing aluminum is larger than the cost to aluminum producers. 來自 中國最大的資料庫下載 The Market for Aluminum and Welfare Economics For each unit of aluminum produced, the social cost includes the private costs of the producers plus the cost to those bystanders adversely affected by the pollution. 來自 中國最大的資料庫下載 QMARKET Pollution and the Social Optimum... Qua
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