【正文】
s new deal, imposed a five percent excise tax on dividend receipts, imposed a capital stock tax and an excess profits tax, and suspended all deductions for losses (June 16, 1933, ch. 90, 48 Stat. 195). The repeal in 1933 of the eighteenth amendment, which had prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol, brought in an estimated $90 million in new liquor taxes in 1934. The social security act of 1935 provided for a wage tax, half to be paid by the employee and half by the employer, to establish a federal retirement fund (Old Age Pension Act, Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620). The Wealth Tax Act, also known as the Revenue Act of 1935, increased the maximum tax rate to 79 percent, the Revenue Acts of 1940 and 1941 increased it to 81 percent, the Revenue Act of 1942 raised it to 88 percent, and the Individual Ine Ta x Act of 1944 raised the individual maximum rate to 94 percent. The postWorld War II 23 Revenue Act of 1945 reduced the individual maximum tax from 94 percent to 91 percent. The Revenue Act of 1950, during the korean war, reduced it to percent, but it was raised the next year to 92 percent (Revenue Act of 1950, Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 994, Stat. 906). It remained at this level until 1964, when it was reduced to 70 percent. The Revenue Act of 1954 revised the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, making major changes that were beneficial to the taxpayer, including providing for child care deductions (later changed to credits), an increase in the charitable contribution limit, a tax credit against taxable retirement ine, employee deductions for business expenses, and liberalized depreciation deductions. From 1954 to 1962, the Internal Revenue Code was amended by 183 separate acts. In 1974 the employee retirement ine security act (ERISA) created protections for employees whose employers promised specified pensions or other retirement contributions (Pub. L. No. 93406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 829). ERISA required that to be tax deductible, the employer39。 trust, 158 . 601, 15 S. Ct. 912, 39 L. Ed. 1108 [1895]). After many years of debate and promise, the sixteenth amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1913, providing Congress with the power to lay and collect taxes on ine without apportionment among the states. The objectives of the ine tax were the equitable distribution of the tax burden and the raising of revenue. Since 1913 the . ine tax system has bee very plex. In 1913 the ine tax laws were contained in eighteen pages of legislation。 disdain for this taxation without representation (socalled because the colonies had no voice in the establishment of the taxes) gave rise to revolts such as the Boston Tea Party. However, even after the Revolutionary War and the adoption of the . Constitution, the main source of revenue for the newly created states was money received from customs and excise taxes on items such as carriages, sugar, whiskey, and snuff. Ine tax first appeared in the United States in 1862, during the Civil War. At that time only about one percent of the population was required to pay the tax. A flatrate ine tax was imposed in 1867. The ine tax was repealed in its entirety in 1872. Ine tax was a rallying point for the Populist party in 1892, and had enough support two years later that Congress passed the Ine Tax Act of 1894. The tax at that time was two percent on individual ines in excess of $4,000, which meant that it reached only the wealthiest members of the population. The Supreme Court struck down the tax, holding that it violated the constitutional requirement that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population (pollock v. farmers39。 參考文獻: [ 1] 陳 潔 瑩 . 財 務(wù) 報 表 、 會 計 信息 質(zhì) 量與 審 計 質(zhì) 量 [ J ] . 會 計 之 友 , 2021 [ 2] 白 平 , 袁建 國 . 證 券 市 場 會 計 信息 質(zhì) 量 監(jiān) 管現(xiàn) 狀 及 對 策 [ J ] . 財 會 通訊 , 2021,( 5) . [ 3] 吳 明 濤 , 劉穎 , 石 瑤 . 基于 投 影尋 蹤 模 型 的 企 業(yè)會 計 信息 質(zhì) 量 評 價 [ J ] . 遼寧 工 程 技 術(shù) 大 學(xué)學(xué) 報 ( 社 會 科學(xué) 版 ), 2021,( 7 ) . [ 4] 孫 璐薇 . 會 計 信息 質(zhì) 量 及 評 價 體系 在 企 業(yè) 環(huán) 境 信息中 的 應(yīng) 用 ——— 基于上 市 鋼 鐵 企 業(yè) 環(huán) 境 信息 披露 的 創(chuàng) 新 性 研究 [ J ] . 中國市 場 , 2021,( 6 ) . [ 5] 蔡 艷 芳 , 蔣瑜 峰 . 會 計 信息 質(zhì) 量與 企 業(yè) 非 投 資 效率 : 基于 資 本 市 場 信息 20 不 對 稱 的 視 角 [ J ] . 財 會 通訊 , 2021,( 5 ) . [6] 朱 萍萍 .關(guān)于會計失真與會計委派制探討 [J].經(jīng)濟生活文摘 (上半月 ),2021(3). [7] 胡麗云 .會計信息真實性管理研究 [J].財經(jīng)界 ,2021(8). [8] 吳曉 迪 . 關(guān)于 施工 企業(yè) 會計 信息 質(zhì)量 問題 的思考 [J].中 國經(jīng)貿(mào) ,2021(10). 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[20] 淺議企業(yè)會計信息失真問題及對策 .《財會天地》 2021年 9月 .P85 [21] 會計信息失真的原因與治理對策 .《產(chǎn)業(yè)與科技論壇》 2021年第 10卷 24期 P219 [22] 國內(nèi)上市公司會計信息失真的相關(guān)思考 .《商業(yè)現(xiàn)代化》 2021年 8月(中旬刊) P106 [23] 關(guān)于會計信息失真的若干思考 .《企業(yè)導(dǎo)報》 2021年第 16期 P128 21 [24]于潔 . 淺析 新 會計 準(zhǔn)則 對 傳統(tǒng) 會計理 論 的 變革 [ J ] . 中 國 市場 . 2021 [25]王曉智 . 淺 論企業(yè) 會計信息失真的問題 [ J ] . 中 國 市場。 會計信息好壞決定著經(jīng)濟的質(zhì)量的好壞,會計信息質(zhì)量 的提高對整個工作決策者的質(zhì)量的保證有重要意義,直接關(guān)系到?jīng)Q策者的決策和后果,所以說真實可靠合法完整的會計信息是決策者進行決策的前提條件和依據(jù) 。建立社會誠信的最終目標(biāo)是改變?nèi)藗兊乃枷胗^念 ,由他律轉(zhuǎn)變到自律 ,使人們誠實守信由不自覺、被強迫的行為到自覺、自愿遵守誠信。打造社會誠信關(guān)鍵是從兩方面去 做 ,一是短期的行為 ,短期行為主要是利用法律加大處罰力度 ,增加不誠信的成本 。 19 從上面的分析可知上市公司會計信息的失真與會計領(lǐng)域的誠信缺失有關(guān) ,但是誠信的缺失不僅是會計領(lǐng)域僅有的現(xiàn)象 ,也不僅是會計人員僅有的現(xiàn)象 ,它成了社會的普遍現(xiàn)象。 加強自律組織建設(shè)。大力發(fā)展負(fù)無限責(zé)任的會計事務(wù)所 ,使其承擔(dān)“無限”的財產(chǎn)責(zé)任 ,促使其提高風(fēng)險意識和執(zhí)業(yè)質(zhì)量 ,從“體制”上提升會計行業(yè)以“誠信”為核心的道德品質(zhì)。我國注冊會計師事業(yè)開展才一 20 多年 ,注冊會計師的素質(zhì)尚有待提高。 會計信息是由企業(yè)的會計人員提供 ,但是只有經(jīng)過注冊會計一師審計才能證明它是否達(dá)到高質(zhì)量的要求 ,是否具備相關(guān)性、可靠性、可比性等。其中 , 政府審