【正文】 最后， Leblanc(1988), Imam(1998), Cipriani（ 2021）等人把需求估計建立在把移動需求作為旅行總需求功能之一畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻及譯文 16 的 選擇模型之上。 Fan 和 Machemehl(2021b)指出， TRNDP 的復雜性導致研究假設(shè)需求不變，即使它 有天然的彈性特性。 網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu) 一些 早期的研究致力于以簡化的輻狀或長方形網(wǎng)狀網(wǎng)絡(luò)表現(xiàn)的系統(tǒng)設(shè)計。 Morlok和 Viton 1984。 BYRNE 1975, 1976。它們構(gòu)成了規(guī)劃 TRNDP的限制，同時它們也是先天地被決定和假設(shè)了的。 TRNDP：標準 為設(shè)計出理想的公交網(wǎng)絡(luò)，有很多特 點和設(shè)計方面需要考慮。 Bieli 等 2021）所說的 一樣，公交網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)計本身就是一個多目標的問題。 Chakroborty和 Dwivedi 2021），或是研究問題的具體方面，如目標（ Delle Site和 Fillipe 2021）和解決方法 (Zhao 和 Zeng 2021。一些研究從用戶、執(zhí)行者、環(huán)境觀畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻及譯文 14 點等方面討論了某些具體目標。 Berechman（ 1993）認為總福利的最大化是設(shè)計公交網(wǎng)絡(luò)最適合的目標，而 Van Nes 和Bovy（ 2021）則認為，總使用 和系統(tǒng)成本的最小化似乎是最合適而且簡單的目標（相對總福利而言），而利潤最大化會導致一個不盡人意的公交運輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)。他評論道，“即使是其中一個目標所遇到的困難都是很難解決的（ P. 40）”。 TRNDP 的實際目標可以簡單歸納為以下幾點（ Fielding 1987。在解決TRNDP 中，基于基礎(chǔ)概念而建議的框架是：決定目標、選擇所要設(shè)計的公交畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻及譯文 13 網(wǎng)絡(luò)條目及特點、為執(zhí)行環(huán)境設(shè)限、 規(guī)劃和解決問題。每一層包括一個或多個代表每個研究特點的組成部分。 Ceder（ 2021）通過把 TRNDP 模型分類為模擬、理想網(wǎng)絡(luò)和數(shù)學模型而增強了他早期的分類。 同一時期， Van Nes 等人（ 1988）把 TRNDP 模型歸為六類：一，公交系畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻及譯文 12 統(tǒng)相關(guān)變量的分析模型；二，決定運用于公交路線建設(shè)的 路線的模型；三，僅決定路線的模型；四，為一整套路線決定運輸頻率的模型；五，建設(shè)路線并設(shè)計運輸頻率的雙步驟模型；六，同時決定路線和運輸頻率的模型。 1979年， Newell討論了公車路線的最優(yōu)設(shè)計， Hasselstrom（ 1981）分析了相關(guān)的研究并認為 TRNDP 的主要特點是需求特性、目標功能、限制、乘客行為、解決辦法以及解決問題所需求的時間。 即使有設(shè)計公交網(wǎng)絡(luò)的實踐指導和經(jīng)驗，研究者們認為觀察法對于設(shè)計出有效的公交網(wǎng)絡(luò)是不夠的，進一步的優(yōu)化可以帶來更好的質(zhì)量和更有效的服務(wù)。對于每一條路線，運輸頻率和公車類型是通過設(shè)計分別決定的運作特點。比如，中心商業(yè)區(qū)（ CBD）和郊區(qū)的客流決定了輻狀路線的設(shè)計，而住宅區(qū)之間的流動需求可能導致連接它們的圓形路線的采用。 公交路線網(wǎng)絡(luò)的設(shè)計： 公交路線網(wǎng)絡(luò)的設(shè)計是公共交通規(guī)劃過程中的重要組成部分（ Ceder 2021）。 在本文中，計劃和設(shè)計出成本以及有效的公交網(wǎng)絡(luò)對于提供它的復雜性和市場份額是很有必要的。 ECMT 2021。 引言： 公共交通一般被認為是實現(xiàn)可持續(xù)城市交通的一項切實可行的選擇，它具有眾多優(yōu)勢，如在維持社會公平的同時，增強可移動性，減少交通擁堵和空氣污染，節(jié)少能耗。 and _2_ total demand for travel varying as a result of the performance of the transportation system and its modes. Fan and Machemehl _2021b_ noted that the plexity of the TRNDP has led researchers into assuming fixed demand, despite its inherent elastic nature. However, since the early 1980s, studies included aspects of elastic demand in modeling the TRNDP _Hasselstrom 1981。 Byrne and Vuchic 1972。 Van Nes 2021。 Chien and Spacovic 2021_, zones _Tsao and Schonfeld 1983。 Kocur and Hendrickson 1982。 Chakroborty and Dwivedi 2021_, or investigate specific aspects of the problem, such as objectives _Delle Site and Fillipi 2021_, and the solution methodology _Zhao and Zeng 2021。 _4_ capacity maximization。 van Oudheudsen et al. 1987。 _3_ models determining routes only。 _3_ systems analysis。 _3_ developing。 _3_ developing timetables。 Fan and Machemehl 2021a,b). The practical importance of designing public transportation works has attracted 畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻及譯文 2 considerable interest in the research munity which has developed a variety of approaches and modelsfor the TRNDP including different levels of design detail and plexity as well as interesting algorithmic innovations. In this paper we offer a structured review of approaches for the TRNDP。 ECMT 2021。 本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計 外文文獻及譯文 文獻、資料題目： Transit Route Network Design Problem: Review 文獻、資料來源： 網(wǎng)絡(luò) 文獻、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期： 院 （部）： xxx 專 業(yè)： xxx 班 級： xxx 姓 名： xxx 學 號： xxx 指導教師： xxx 翻譯日期： xxx畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文文獻及譯文 1 外文文獻： Transit Route Network Design Problem: Review Abstract: Efficient design of public transportation works has attracted much interest in the transport literature and practice, with many models and approaches for formulating the associated transit route work design problem _TRNDP_ having been developed. The present paper systematically presents and reviews research on the TRNDP based on the three distinctive parts of the TRNDP setup: design objectives, operating environment parameters and solution approach. Introduction Public transportation is largely considered as a viable option for sustainable transportation in urban areas, offering advantages such as mobility enhancement, traffic congestion and air pollution reduction, and energy conservation while still preserving social equity considerations. Nevertheless, in the past decades, factors such as socioeconomic growth, the need for personalized mobility, the increase in private vehicle ownership and urban sprawl have led to a shift towards private vehicles and a decrease in public transportation’s share in daily muting (Sinha 2021。 Pucher et al. 2021). Efforts for encouraging public transportation use focuses on improving provided services such as line capacity, service frequency, coverage, reliability, fort and service quality which are among the most important parameters for an efficient public transportation system (Sinha 2021。 researchers will obtain a basis for evaluating existing research and identifying future research paths for further improving TRNDP models. Moreover, practitioners will acquire a detailed presentation of both the process and potential tools for automating the design of public transportation works, their characteristics, capabilities, and strengths. Design of Public Transportation Networks Network design is an important part of the public transportation operational planning process _Ceder 2021_. It includes the design of route layouts and the determination of associated operational characteristics such as frequencies, rolling stock types, and so on As noted by Ceder and Wilson _1986_, work design elements are part of the overall operational planning process for public transportation works。 _4_ scheduling buses。 and _4_ evaluating alternative public transportation works. Despite the extensive use of practical guidelines and experience for designing transit works, researchers have argued that empirical rules may not be sufficient for designing an efficient transit work and improvements may lead to better quality and more efficient services. For example, Fan and Machemehl _2021_ noted that researchers and practitioners hav