【正文】 s food and agricultural products in large supermarkets (such as 711, Royal Ahe, Carrefour, Sainsburry and TESCO) sold of. These large supermarkets in order to meet the market for agricultural products, quality consistency and supply stability requirements, the supplier of a rigorous screening. Therefore, the implementation of the Royal Ahe supermarket fresh food supply chain management, will be vendors from the original 250 was reduced to about 60, so that the logistics system more efficient and concise. With the upper reaches of the sharp drop in the number of suppliers of agricultural products and the continuous expansion of the supermarket chain, this food supply chain, upstream suppliers and downstream number of supermarket chains showed symmetrical growth trend. Logistics development in developed and more mature cities, this has been expressed in the food supply chain, centralized purchasing, reduce nonuniform flow distribution and valueadded logistics sectors, in order to achieve cost savings of lean logistics strategy. 4． mixed food supply chain. With consumer demand for food and agricultural products market diversification, the proportion of food and agricultural processing has gradually improved. According to the statistics that the United States in 2021 raw and processed vegetables for 15% and 85%。s increasing demands for food consumption, the inevitable result. Specifically, the causes are: (1) the consumer fresh food and agricultural products have bee increasingly demanding and require delivery of food and agricultural products, the production period as short as possible. (2) consumers of food and agricultural products quality requirements have bee more sophisticated, forcing food manufacturers to implement the food supply chain management to ensure a stable supply of raw materials upstream and downstream sales channels. (3) food quality and safety of consumers are increasingly concerned about. In order to meet consumer demand for food and agricultural products in the type and quantity requirements, panies continue to seek and develop new technologies, and new technologies and new methods of excessive use (such as pesticides, hormones, antibiotics and geically modified technology, etc.) to meet the consumer demand, but also inevitably produced a hazard causing human food quality and safety issues. This is because buyers and sellers in the market information asymmetry, consumers in the purchase of food or agricultural products, the products do not understand the health, environmental and safety information. Therefore, enterprises need in all aspects of the production process inspection and testing of products and timely disclosure of information to consumers. (4) food and agricultural panies forced the government, Relevant social w anizations and consumer demands and pressure to press the food supply chain to operate. For example, EU regulations No. 178, as from 2021 in all EUwide sales of food, must be implemented to track and trace food supply chain。 G, DELL, etc. after the pany39。同理，企業(yè)對食品供應鏈信息跟蹤的寬度 、深度和精度也反映出其對基于質量安全的食品供應鏈的成本和收益的一種綜合取向。特別是有些企業(yè)采用了基于質量安全的食品供應鏈的高新技術追溯系統(tǒng)，如農場主使用電子耳標識和相關數(shù)據(jù)收集卡來跟蹤食品和農產品的免疫記錄、健康記錄和飼養(yǎng)記錄等。通過采用 EAN/UCC128 條碼符號、 GLN(全球位置碼 )可以對食品供應鏈全過程中的產品及其屬性信息和參與方信息等進行有效的標識。例如，在美國大多數(shù)要求召回的食品和農產品都被公布在美國農業(yè)部食品安 全和檢驗服務的官方網(wǎng)站上，以便消費者根據(jù)食品包裝的標識信息來判定有問題的食品和農產品。 ，減少食品和農產品召回成本。因為在食品和農產品市場上不僅存在大量單一的谷類和肉類產品，而且也有根據(jù)消費者不同的偏好和口味量身定制的食品。 等通過對美國生鮮農產品、谷類和油菜以及牛肉制品的調查研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，三者經(jīng)食品供應鏈跟蹤后，在食品質量安全方面出現(xiàn)了很大的差異。因此，這種食品供應鏈是一種綜合型、多品種、大批量和多頻次的混合型供應鏈體系。其他國家的情況也大致如此。在發(fā)達國家及物流發(fā)展較為成熟的大城市里，這種食品供應鏈經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)為集中采購、統(tǒng)一流通配送和減少不 增值的物流環(huán)節(jié) ,以實現(xiàn)節(jié)約成本的精益物流戰(zhàn)略。 通過對泰國皇家阿荷生鮮超市食品供應鏈管理的調查發(fā)現(xiàn) ,曼谷有 50%的食 品和農產品是在大型超市 (如 71皇家阿荷、家樂福、Sainsburry 和 TESCO)售出的。這種類型的食品供應鏈在中國較為普遍，在中國農業(yè)產業(yè)化不發(fā)達的地區(qū) ,由于缺乏一端連接上游農 戶，另一端聯(lián)結銷售市場、專門從事農產品加工的龍頭企業(yè)以及相應的中間環(huán)節(jié)，農產品生產往往和市場需求相脫節(jié)。由于農產品易腐爛，農產品生產者不可能直接銷售自己的產品 ,需要通過必要的中間商提供服務 ,如第三方物流、農產品深加工商和批發(fā)商等所提供的相應服務。由于上游生產者擁有的技術條件較差、產量低和品種少，故上游聚集了為數(shù)眾多的農產品生產者；同時，由于產品生產地離市場較近且只提供單一農產品，也又使得鏈中參與交易的主體大多為農產品生產者，他們在市場上進行直接交易，而少有聯(lián)系生產者和消費者之間的中間商，因此，種植業(yè)者直接將食品和農產品銷售給消費者。根據(jù)食品和農產品物流的發(fā)展階段 ,典型的食品供應鏈可劃分為啞鈴型、 T 型、對稱型和混合型四種類型。 (4)食品和農產品企業(yè)迫于政府、 相關社會組織和消費者的要求和壓力，不得不按食品供應鏈來進行運作。 (3)消費者對食品的質量安全也越來越關注。本文介紹了不同食品供應鏈的生產物流系統(tǒng)特點，并對食品供應鏈與食品質量安全管理的發(fā)展進行了分析和探討。G、 DELL 等公司的經(jīng)營管理以后 ,食品和農產品行業(yè)也紛紛效仿并借助供應鏈管理這一工具來提高自身的競爭力。 1996年 ,Zuurbier 等學者在一般供應鏈的基礎上，首次提出了食品供應鏈概念，并認為食品供應鏈管理是 農產品和食品生產銷售等組織 ,為了降低食品和農產品物流成本、提高其質量安全和物流服務水平而進行的垂直一體化運作模式。 一．食品供應鏈管理的產生原因 近年來，食品供應鏈的產生和發(fā)展是人們對食品消費的要求不斷提高的必然結果。為了滿足消費者對食品和農產品在種類和數(shù)量上的要求，企業(yè)