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工程造價專業(yè)外文文獻翻譯(中英文對照-wenkub.com

2025-05-28 12:17 本頁面
   

【正文】 因此,這些作為自上而下的估算精度相同的境界的擴展的EV技術必須被考慮到。?您可以繪制其他的事情,如上面提到的圖,如果你不喜歡你看到的,那么你就需要采取“糾正行動”。成本基線?這個計劃的參考S曲線有時被稱為“成本基準”,這通常是在EV說法。使用掙值技術?如果我們有另一種控制工具的必要的細節(jié),我們可以采取的持續(xù)監(jiān)測工作是“掙值(EV)技術”。?在這種情況下,該項目的贊助商將降低他的管理儲備,或提交給上層管理人員補充消融。在一些項目管理的應用領域,它被稱為一個項目成本計劃。注:如果管理不批準RFA消融,你不應該考慮這個項目的失敗,或這個目標的目的,而規(guī)劃需要重新考慮,以增加交付項目的價值。但是,如果批準的資本要求包括津貼,如“儲備管理”,根據(jù)該組織的政策,這可能會,也可能不會被傳遞到項目的贊助商。這往往導致一個“游戲”中的估計被夸大,從而使管理人員可以調(diào)整他們向下。例如:訂購數(shù)量級的估計 “球公園”估計,通常只為概念預留類似的估計 根據(jù)以前類似項目的預算參數(shù)估計 基于對歷史數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計關系估計?無論采用哪種方法,這種希望總和能被全面批準和證明是令人滿意的!這是啟動該項目的執(zhí)行階段。為到達一定的資本要求,一些轉換是必要的,例如,通過加入審慎津貼如開銷,一個應急的津貼,以彌補包括未知和可8 山東建筑大學畢業(yè)設計外文文獻及譯文能的范圍變化的正常的項目風險和管理儲備。注:該項目的風險管理規(guī)劃,是這次演習的一個重要組成部分。?然后估計各種活動的成本,這些估計費用匯總以確定的WP的估計成本。?在一個不太正式的設置中,每個人都只是試圖蒙混過關工作包和WBS項目管理計劃,項目簡介或項目憲章?如果可交付的成果由一些不同元素組成,這些都是確定和組裝工作包(WPS),并在工作分解結構(WBS)的形式提交。在該項目的發(fā)展或定義階段?在開發(fā)階段的目標是建立一種涉及到生產(chǎn)所需的產(chǎn)品,估計成本,并為該項目的實際執(zhí)行尋求資本資金的良好的工作的認識。?為了確定潛在項目的適用性,大多數(shù)組織呼吁編制“商業(yè)案例”和“量級”的成本,以證明該項目的價值,使其可以與所有其他項目競爭。這意味著,他們在主要階段的關鍵決策點之間行使自己的責任。這些措施包括商業(yè)案例,(資本)請求撥款(執(zhí)行),工作包和工作分解結構,項目章程(或摘要),項目預算或成本計劃,獲得的價值和成本基準。更有可能的是,將會有(或已經(jīng))變化的范圍改變參考基線,這意味著,每一次范圍發(fā)生變化,無論如何你都必須改變基線計劃。首先,建立一套參考基準。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。quot。:Project Cost Control: The Way it WorksBy R. Max WidemanIn a recent consulting assignment we realized that there was some lack of understanding of the whole system of project cost control, how it is setup and applied. So we decided to write up a description of how it works. Project cost control is not that difficult to follow in theory.First you establish a set of reference baselines. Then, as work progresses, you monitor the work, analyze the findings, forecast the end results and pare those with the reference baselines. If the end results are not satisfactory then you make adjustments as necessary to the work in progress, and repeat the cycle at suitable intervals. If the end results get really out of line with the baseline plan, you may have to change the plan. More likely, there will be (or have been) scope changes that change the reference baselines which means that every time that happens you have to change the baseline plan anyway.But project cost control is a lot more difficult to do in practice, as is evidenced by the number of projects that fail to contain costs. It also involves a significant amount of work, as we shall see, and we might as well start at the beginning. So let us follow the thread of project cost control through the entire project life span.And, while we are at it, we will take the opportunity to point out the proper places for several significant documents. These include the Business Case, the Request for (a capital) Appropriation (for execution), Work Packages and the Work Breakdown Structure, the Project Charter (or Brief), the Project Budget or Cost Plan, Earned Value and the Cost Baseline. All of these contribute to the organization’s ability to effectively control project costs.FootnoteI am indebted to my friend Quentin Fleming, the guru of Earned Value, for checking and correcting my work on this topic.The Business Case and Application for (execution) FundingIt is important to note that project cost control is most effective when the executive management responsible has a good understanding of how projects should unfold through the project life span. This means that they exercise their responsibilities at the key decision points1 山東建筑大學畢業(yè)設計外文文獻及譯
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