【正文】
? 要有應(yīng)急資金安排。 ? 基差的變化給保值者帶來了風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 39 流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ? 指市場(chǎng)容量不足時(shí)無法按市場(chǎng)價(jià)格成交的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),即“有行無市”。 33 內(nèi)容 ?套期保值概念 ?套期保值策略與流程 ?套期保值管理 ?套期保值風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 34 保值業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理 ? 法律法規(guī)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ? 信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ? 操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ? 價(jià)格風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(基差風(fēng)險(xiǎn)) ? 流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ? 現(xiàn)金流風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 35 法律法規(guī)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ? 了解市場(chǎng)法規(guī)和規(guī)則 ? 經(jīng)紀(jì)公司合同審核與簽署 如: ISDA協(xié)議 ? 合規(guī)檢查 監(jiān)督遵守法律、法規(guī)及公司內(nèi)部保值業(yè)務(wù)管理制度執(zhí)行情況 36 信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ? 經(jīng)紀(jì)公司信用評(píng)估 ? 經(jīng)紀(jì)公司選擇 ? 經(jīng)紀(jì)公司交易限額管理 ? 在進(jìn)行 OTC交易時(shí),信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理更加重要 37 操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ? 操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是保值業(yè)務(wù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的重點(diǎn),以前有過很多教訓(xùn) ? 定義:由不完善的內(nèi)部流程、員工、系統(tǒng)以及外部事件導(dǎo)致?lián)p失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 ? Coldelco的損失 – Juan Pablo Davila,聲稱他在 1993年 9月將賣出的指令當(dāng)成買入 – 當(dāng)他發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤時(shí)已損失 4000萬美元 – 他試圖通過交易來挽回?fù)p失,結(jié)果損失更大 – 到他把信用額度用完,不得不報(bào)告時(shí),損失達(dá)到 – 1994年 2月, Codelco總裁辭職,智利政府承擔(dān)損失 – Davila被判入獄 ? 尼克 套期保值計(jì)劃中明確擬保值的現(xiàn)貨品種、計(jì)劃數(shù)量,擬選擇的期貨品種、計(jì)劃數(shù)量和交易方向。 ? 結(jié)果法 ?能實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤的保值即為好的保值; ?實(shí)現(xiàn)的利潤越多,保值效果越好 。 ? 制定保值政策需要考慮多種因素: 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析,收入、成本分析,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是否可以轉(zhuǎn)移? 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好、保值的成本與收益、財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo),保值還是不保值? 可用于保值的資金規(guī)模 ? 保值政策的內(nèi)容: 保值比例(上下限) 保值時(shí)間跨度 保值價(jià)格確定的原則 可選擇的期貨交易工具 ? 保值政策應(yīng)經(jīng)過企業(yè)高層決策者批準(zhǔn) 18 保值政策-示例 1 Hedging ? The Group’s policy is to remain unhedged to the gold price. However, hedges are sometimes undertaken on a project specific basis as follows: – to protect cash flows at times of significant expenditure, – for specific debt servicing requirements, and – to safeguard the viability of higher cost operations. – Gold Fields may from time to time establish currency financial instruments to protect underlying cash flows. ? Gold Fields has various currency and interest rate financial instruments those remaining are described in the schedule. It has been decided not to account for these instruments under the hedge accounting rules of IFRS 39, except for the debt portion of the interest rate swap which has been hedge accounted, and accordingly the positions have been marked to market. Gold Fields Limited 19 保值政策-示例 2 NIE Energy Supply 30 April 2023 Hedging Policy Statement 3 Hedging Policy In deciding whether a hedge should be purchased NIE Energy Supply will need to consider the impact on both the likely price and its variability. ? If a hedge both lowers the expected price and reduces variability it is likely to be an efficient purchase unless there is an available alternative product that does so to a greater extent. ? Similarly, if a hedge reduces variability without affecting the expected price it is likely to be an efficient purchase unless there is a superior product available. ? If a hedge raises the expected price but reduces variability, NIE Energy will need to take a